Chapter 3 定语从句
3.6 定语从句与同位语从句的区分
3.6 定语从句与同位语从句的区分
本节主要讨论由that引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别。二者在结构上有相似性，都是“名词that从句”，这里的名词都称作先行词。下面将从结构上和意义上来区分定语从句和同位语从句。因此，本节内容安排如下：
3.6.1 从结构上区分：that是否作成分
3.6.2 从意义上区分：that引导的从句的意义不同
3.6.1 从结构上区分：that是否作成分
that在定语从句中要充当成分，比如作从句的主语或宾语；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连词的作用。换句话说，定语从句的结构是“名词+that+不完整的句子”，而同位语从句的结构是“名词that+完整的陈述句”。
1 1） The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.
2） The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.
妙语点睛 以上两句的先行词都是the rumor，连词都是that。例句1）中的that在从句中充当spread的宾语，故此处为定语从句。例句2）中的that在从句中不充当任何成分，因为从句“Tom was a thief”是一个完整的句子，不缺少任何成分。故其为同位语从句，作the rumor的同位语，补充说明the rumor的具体内容。
2 1） The fact that we talked about is very important.
2） The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.
妙语点睛 例句1）中的that作talked about的宾语，故此处为定语从句。例句2）中的that不充当成分，因为“he succeeded in the experiment”是一个完整的陈述句，故其为同位语从句。
3.6.2 从意义上区分：that引导的从句的意义不同
两类从句在意义上也不同：定语从句相当于形容词, 对先行词起修饰、描述和限制的作用；同位语从句相当于一个名词，是对其前面名词内容的具体表述，二者是同位关系。
1 1） The news that you heard is not true.
2） The news that Lincoln was murdered at a theater is true.
妙语点睛 例句1）中的定语从句that you heard并不是表示news的内容，只是在限制news所指的范围，即“你听到的那个消息”。例句2）中的同位语从句that Lincoln was murdered at a theater是表示news的具体内容，在意义上与news构成同位关系。
2 1） The fact that you pointed out made me interested.
2） The fact that there are no lives on the moon is known to us all.
妙语点睛 例句1）中的定语从句that you pointed out并不是表示fact的内容，只是在限制fact的所指范围，即“你指出的这个事实”。例句2）中的同位语从句that there are no lives on the moon是表示fact的具体内容，在意义上与fact构成同位关系。
思维总结
本节主要讨论了由that引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别。读者重点需要掌握二者在结构上的区分，即that引导的定语从句在结构上是不完整的，而that引导的同位语从句在结构上是完整的陈述句。
思维训练3.6 Key
一、请判断下列句子是定语从句还是同位语从句。
1. He turned down the proposal that she offered at the meeting.
2. He turned down the proposal that she should be sent abroad to study.
二、请分析下列that引导的是定语从句还是名词从句，并翻译成中文。
3. Studies show that the things that contribute most to a sense of happiness cannot be bought, such as a good family life, friendship and work satisfaction.
4. The mere fact that most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.
5. An evidence that life may have existed on earth 3.8 billions years ago has been discovered in these ancient rocks.
6. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.
7. The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.
8. The ruler of an ancient kingdom wanted to disprove the rumor that their wives ruled the men of his domain. He had all the males in his kingdom brought before him and warned that any man that did not tell the truth would be punished severely. Then he asked all the men that obeyed their wives’ directions and advice to step to the left side of the hall. All the men did so but one little man that moved to the right.“It’s good to see,”said the king,“ that we have one real man in the kingdom. Tell these chicken-hearted dunces （傻瓜） why you alone among them stand on the right side of the hall.”“Your Majesty,”came the reply in a squealing （长而尖锐的声音） voice,“it is because before I left home my wife told me to keep out of crowds.”
写给读者的话
一、本章学习思路
定语从句是英文造句规则中的一个难点，也是重点。它有两个重要概念：先行词和关系词，定语从句的核心内容都是围绕着这两者之间的关系展开的。本章重点讨论了先行词和关系词之间的搭配关系，比如若先行词指“人”，关系词就要用who或that；若先行词指“物”，关系词就要用which或that；指时间一般用关系词when（只作状语）等等。读者只需要抓住关系词与先行词的各个用法特点，就可以把握定语从句的核心内容。
二、本章重点及难点
1. 关系代词的用法。
2. 关系副词的用法，特别需要提醒读者注意的是关系副词只能作状语。
3. 灵活运用限制性和非限制性定语从句。比如在写文章时，一定要真正会判断何时该用限制性定语从句，何时该用非限制性定语从句。这两种形式不同的定语从句其实是它们思维差异的反映。
4. 区分that引导的定语从句和同位语从句。
对于某些读者来说，灵活判断和使用限制性和非限制性定语从句或许比较难，其次是熟练判断that引导的定语从句和同位语从句，这两点既是重点也是难点。
三、本章学习时间安排
对于从来没有接触过定语从句的读者，学习完本章内容至少需要一周的时间，包括阅读讲解的内容和做完所有练习。
综合训练 Key
一、请将下列中文翻译成英文。
1. 我昨天买了一本书，该书的作者是一位盲人。
2. 我的办公室在这栋大楼的二层，它很小。
3. 你昨天借给我的那本书很有趣。
4. 那位老师教我英文，他来自加拿大。
5. 和我一起工作的那个女孩已经有男朋友了。
6. 告诉我今天早晨你迟到的原因。
7. 他们到的时候天正在下雨。
8. 他是一个值得信赖的人。
9. 你住的那家酒店叫什么名字？
10. 接电话的那个男的告诉我你不在。
二、请选择最恰当的词填空。
11. The professor and her achievement ______ you told me about are admired by us all.
A. who
B. which
C. that
D. whom
12. I don’t suppose anything happens ______ he doesn’t foresee.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. as
13. They shouted with the loudest voice ______ they could.
A. when
B. that
C. which
D. what
14. This is the best book ______ on the subject.
A. which there is
B. that there is
C. which is
D. what is
15. He’s written a book ______ name I’ve completely forgotten.
A. whose
B. which
C. of which
D. that
16. The meeting was postponed, ______ was exactly what I wanted.
A. that
B. which it
C. and that
D. this
17. Mr. Jones, ______ John was working, was very generous about overtime payment.
A. for whom
B. for who
C. whom
D. for that
18. There is not much ______ can be done now.
A. that
B. which
C. who
D. what
19. He showed me a book, ______ I could tell that it was pretty old.
A. which cover
B. of which cover
C. the cover which
D. from the cover of which
20. This kind of solar cooker can be used only in the daytime ______ the sun is shining.
A. when
B. as
C. while
D. since
21. Solomon was diligent, responsible and hardworking, ______ he was promoted from a clerk to a manager.
A. for which
B. which
C. for
D. that
22. What is ______ ordered the English book?
A. the lady’s address in Beijing who
B. the lady’s address in Beijing which
C. the address of the lady in Beijing who
D. the address of the lady in Beijing which
23. There comes a time in every man’s life ______.
A. then he has to think
B. which he needs
C. when he has to think
D. therefore he has to work hard
24. No sample ______ we have received is satisfactory.
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. who
25. Obviously there was little certainty ______ the chairman would agree to this proposal.
A. which
B. why
C. what
D. that
26. There can’t be any life on Venus, ______ the temperature is as high as 900F.
A. which
B. when
C. where
D. there
27. The reason ______ he died was lack of medical care.
A. which
B. for that
C. as
D. why
28. This is the shop ______ I often buy foodstuff.
A. where
B. which
C. of which
D. to which
29. The reason ______ he gave for his being late was unacceptable.
A. why
B. that
C. who
D. for which
30. The shop ______ I told you about before has closed down.
A. where
B. in which
C. at which
D. which
31. Those guilty of a serious crime ______ refuse to reform must be severely punished.
A. which
B. whom
C. when
D. who
32. Yet no firm evidence had come to light ______ the men arrested were actually responsible.
A. which
B. as
C. what
D. that
33. Another food crop raised by Indians ______ strange to the European was called Indian corn.
A. who were
B. that were
C. that was
D. who was
34. They helped us time and again, ______ very kind of them.
A. who were
B. which was
C. that was
D. which were
35.“Do you like the book your father gave you?”
“Very much. It’s exactly ______ I wanted.”
A. one which
B. that
C. one what
D. the one
36. When reports came into London Zoo ______ a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.
A. what
B. as
C. which
D. that
37. Many birds have feathers ______ with their surroundings.
A. colors blend
B. that colors blend
C. whose colors blend
D. of which the colors that blend
38. Civil rights are the freedoms and rights ______ as a member of a community, state, or nation.
A. may have a person
B. a person who may have
C. a person may have
D. and a person may have
39. In the early twentieth century, the“Model T”automobile was mass-produced and sold at a price ______ could afford.
A. the average person who
B. that the average person who
C. and the average person
D. the average person
三、请阅读下面的短文故事，并在空格中填入适当的关系词。
A story tells of two friends 40 were walking through the desert. At a specific point of the journey, they had an argument, and one friend slapped the other one in the face. The one 41 got slapped was hurt, but without saying anything, he wrote in the sand,“Today my best friend slapped me in the face.”
They kept on walking until they found an oasis, 42 they decided to take a bath. The one 43 got slapped and hurt started drowning, and the other friend saved him. When he recovered from the fright, he wrote on a stone,“Today my best friend saved my life.”
The friend 44 had saved and slapped his best friend asked him,“Why, after I hurt you, you wrote in the sand and now your write on a stone?”
The other friend, smiling, replied,“When a friend hurts us, we should write it down in the sand, 45 the winds of forgiveness can erase it away, and when someone does something good for us, we should engrave it in the stone of the memory of the heart, 46 no wind can ever erase it.”
Let’s learn to write your hurts in the sand and to carve your blessings in stones.
四、请用适当的连词填空（名词从句与定语从句辨析）。
C hicken Soup for the Soul 心灵鸡汤
R ose
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Real love lies not in 47 （what/which/that） is done and known, but in
48 （what/which/that） is done but not known.
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Red roses were her favorites; her name was also Rose. And every year her husband sent them, tied with pretty bows. The year he died, the roses were delivered to her door. The card said,“Be my Valentine,”like all the years before.
Each year he sent her roses, and the note would always say,“I love you even more this year than last year on this day.”“My love for you will always grow with every passing year.”She knew 49 （what/which/that） this was the last time that the roses would appear.
She thought 50 （what/which/ *） he ordered roses in advance before this day. Her loving husband did not know 51 （what/which/that） he would pass away. He always liked to do things early before the time. Then, if he got too busy, everything would work out fine.
She trimmed the stems and placed them in a very special vase and then put the vase beside the portrait of his smiling face. She would sit for hours in her husband’s favorite chair, while staring at his picture, and the roses sitting there.
A year went by, and it was hard to live without her mate. With loneliness and solitude 52 （what/which/that） had become her fate. Then the very hour as on Valentines before, the doorbell rang, and there were roses, sitting by her door.
She brought the roses in, and then just looked at them in shock. Then went to get the telephone to call the florist shop. The owner answered and she asked him if he would explain 53 （what/which/that/why） someone would do this to her, causing her such pain.
“I know 54 （what/which/ *） your husband passed away more than a year ago,”The owner said,“I knew you’d call, and you would want to know.”“The flowers 55 （what/which/that） you received today were paid for in advance.”“Your husband always planned ahead, he left nothing to chance.”
“There is a standing order 56 （what/which/that） I have on file down here. And he has paid well in advance, you’ll get them every year. There also is another thing 57 （what/which/that） I think you should know, he wrote a special little card…he did this years ago.”
“Then should ever I find out 58 （what/which/that） he’s no longer here, it’s the card 59 （what/which/that） should be sent to you the following year.”She thanked him and hung up the phone, her tears now flowing hard. Her fingers were shaking, as she slowly reached to get the card.
Inside the card, she saw 60 （what/which/that） he had written her a note. Then as she stared in total silence, this is 61 （what/which/that） he wrote…
“Hello my love, I know it’s been a year since I’ve been gone,
I hope it hasn’t been too hard for you to overcome.”
“I know it must be lonely, and the pain is very real.
For if it was the other way, I know 62 （what/which/that/how） I would feel.
The love 63 （what/which/that） we shared made everything so beautiful in life.
I loved you more than words can say, you were the perfect wife.”
“You were my friend and lover, you fulfilled my every need.
I know it’s only been a year, but please try not to grieve.
I want you to be happy, even when you shed your tears.
That is 64 （what/which/how/why） the roses will be sent to you for years.”
“When you get these roses, think of all the happiness,
65 （what/which/that） we had together, and how both of us were blessed.
I have always loved you and I know I always will.
But, my love, you must go on, you have some living still.”
“Please…try to find happiness, while living out your days.
I know it is not easy, but I hope 66 （what/which/that） you find some ways.
The roses will come every year, and they will only stop,
When your door’s not answered, when the florist stops knocking.”
“He will come five times that day, in case you have gone out.
But after his last visit, he will know without a doubt,
To take the roses to the place where I’ve instructed him,
And place the roses where we are together once again.”