Chapter 3 定语从句
3.4 关系副词的用法
3.4 关系副词的用法
讨论完关系代词,我们现在来分析一下关系副词的用法。在英语中,引导定语从句的关系副词主要有when, where和why,它们在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。本节内容安排如下:
3.4.1 when的用法
3.4.2 where的用法
3.4.3 why的用法
3.4.1 when的用法
一、先行词指时间
when可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句(关于这两类定语从句的区分,详见3.5节),其先行词必须是表示时间的名词,如day,year或time等。
1 I’ll never forget the day when I met you .
妙语点睛 这里的先行词是表示时间的名词day,所以用when引导定语从句。when作从句的时间状语,修饰谓语动词met。
2 Most education experts today stress the importance of“life-long learning”. They point out that education never ends. It is a continuous process. The day when we stop learning is the day when we die .
妙语点睛 表示时间的名词day作先行词,所以用when引导定语从句。when作从句的时间状语,修饰谓语动词stop和die。这段话让我们知道,我们现在身处一个“终生学习(life-long learning)”的时代。
我们再来看when引导的非限制性定语从句:
3 My favorite season is spring, when the earth seems born again .
妙语点睛 这里是when引导的非限制性定语从句,先行词是表示时间的名词spring。
4 We will put off the outing until next week, when we won’t be so busy .
妙语点睛 这里是when引导的非限制性定语从句,先行词是表示时间的短语next week。
请再看其他例句:
5 March 10, 1876 was the day when the first complete sentence was sent over a telephone .
6 The day may soon come when we don’t bother to go to office but just work at home .
二、关系副词when在从句中作时间状语
在上面的例句中,我们反复强调when是在定语从句中作时间状语。换句话说,若定语从句不是缺少状语,而是缺少主语或宾语,那么即使先行词是表示时间的名词,也不能用when而要用which或that来引导定语从句。因为用when来引导定语从句的前提条件是:when 必须在其引导的定语从句中作时间状语。请比较:
7 1) I’ll never forget the time which I spent on campus.
2) I’ll never forget the day when we first met in the park.
妙语点睛 在这两句话里,尽管先行词分别是表示时间的名词time和day,但用的关系词不同。在例句1)中,由于定语从句中的谓语spent缺宾语,因此关系词要充当这一宾语,故要用which。在例句2)中,定语从句不缺主语或宾语,而是缺少时间状语,故关系词用when,这里when作时间状语,修饰met。
8 The day, which began brightly, ended with a violent storm.
妙语点睛 这里的先行词是day,表示时间。由于定语从句缺少主语,所以用关系代词which引导定语从句,which作从句的主语,而不用关系副词when,因为关系副词无法作主语,只能作状语。
3.4.2 where的用法
一、where的先行词指地点
where引导定语从句,其先行词一般是表示地点的名词,如place和house等。请看例句:
1 A: Since you work in the theater, can’t you get me a free ticket now and then?
B: Certainly if you bring me a few notes now and then from the bank where you work!
妙语点睛 这里的先行词bank表示地点,where在从句中充当地点状语(定语从句中不缺主语或宾语),修饰work。
请再看其他例句:
2 Do you know any place where I can buy Mr. Zhang’s grammar book?
3 This is the town where I spent my childhood. 这就是我度过童年的小镇。
二、关系副词where在从句中作地点状语
与when类似,并不是先行词是表示地点的名词时,都得由where来引导定语从句,这得看关系词在从句中充当的成分。若定语从句缺主语或宾语,则要用which或that引导定语从句。请比较:
4 1) This is the town where I spent my childhood.
2) This is the town which I told you about before.
妙语点睛 在这两句话里,尽管先行词都是表示地点的名词town,但用的关系词不同。在例句1)中,定语从句不缺少主语或宾语,而是缺少地点状语,故关系词用where。where作地点状语,修饰spent。在例句2)里,由于定语从句中的谓语部分told you about缺少宾语,因此关系词要充当这一宾语,故要用which。
5 1) The library where students often study was on fire last night.
2) The library, which was built in the 1930’s, needs to be renovated.
妙语点睛 在这两句话里,尽管先行词都是表示地点的名词library,但用的关系词不同。在例句1)中,定语从句不缺少主语或宾语,而是缺少地点状语,故关系词用where。where作地点状语,修饰study。在例句2)中,由于定语从句缺少主语,因此填入的关系词要充当这一主语,故要用which。
6 I’ve never been to Beijing, but it’s the place ______.
A. where I’d like to visit
B. in which I’d like to visit
C. I most want to visit
D. that I want to visit it most
正确答案 C。
妙语点睛 这是一道六级真题。本题考查定语从句关系词的选择。这句话中尽管先行词是表示地点的名词place,但由于从句中的谓语visit缺少宾语,所以不能选A,而C才是正确答案。这里相当于省去了关系词that或which,因此原句应该是that / which I most want to visit。
3.4.3 why的用法
why用来表示原因,只引导限制性定语从句,先行词是reason等表示原因的名词。
This is the reason why I didn’t come here.
妙语点睛 此处的why相当于for which。
思维总结
本节讨论了三大关系副词的用法,其中最常用的是when和where。需要特别注意的是,它们只能充当状语,不能充当其他成分。
思维训练3.4 Key
一、请将下列每一组中的两个简单句合并为一个定语从句,用第二个句子作定语。
1. Monday is the day. We will come on that day.
2. He arrived in Shanghai that day. On the same day I left.
3. July is the month. The weather is usually the hottest in that month.
4. March 10, 1876 was the day. On the day the first complete sentence was sent over a telephone.
5. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there.
6. That is the restaurant. I will meet you there.
7. The town is small. I grew up there.
8. This is the house. They put their tools in it.
二、请选择where,when或which填空。
9. I’ll never forget the day ______ I met you for the first time.
10. I’ll never forget the days ______ I spent with you.
11. The day, ______ began brightly, ended with a violent storm.
12. The day ______ we don’t bother to go to office but just work at home may soon come.
13. I arrived in Beijing on the day ______ it was snowing heavily.
14. This is the town ______ I was born.
15. This is the town ______ I want to visit most someday.
16. The ripe fruit should be stored in a place ______ contains much carbon dioxide so that it can’t decay rapidly.
17. The ripe fruit should be stored in a place ______ there is much carbon dioxide so that it can’t decay rapidly.
18. The library, ______ was built in the 1930’s, needs to be renovated.
19. I guess you can find him in the library ______ he works.
20. One of the places ______ I want to visit someday is Tibet.