Chapter 7 虚拟语气
7.5 混合虚拟(一):主句现在+从句过去(ZxCg)
7.5 混合虚拟(一):主句现在+从句过去(ZxCg)
(一)
成功男人背后的女人
人们常说:每个成功男人的背后都会有一个伟大的女人,而这个伟大的女人往往就是他的妻子。这说明丈夫的成功有一半功劳应该归属于他的妻子,这就叫“军功章里有你的一半也有我的一半”。不过对于成功的女人,似乎就不那么幸运了,因为有人说:“每个成功女人的背后往往都会有一个伤害她的男人”。后来又有人这样调侃道:“Behind every successful man, there is a woman. And behind every unsuccessful man, there are two.(每个成功男人背后都有一个女人;每个不成功男人的背后都有两个女人。)”。
托马斯·惠勒(Thomas Wheeler)是一家大公司的CEO,有一天他和太太一同驱车出门。在路上,托马斯发现汽车油箱里没有多少汽油了,于是就把车开到路边的一个加油站去加油,然后让他太太看着车,自己到附近逛逛。过了一会,当他回来时,发现他太太和加油站的工人(gas station attendant)正聊得“火热”,显得很是亲热(As he was returning to the car, he noticed that the attendant and his wife were engaged in an animated conversation.)。但碍于面子,当着三个人,他也不好说什么。等回到车上并把车开离了加油站后,托马斯还是忍不住问道:“你认识他吗?”(As they drove out of the station, Wheeler asked his wife if she knew the man.)他太太也坦诚地回答道,他们是中学同学,并且两人是彼此的初恋!听了这话,托马斯不无得意地说道:
Boy, were you lucky that I came along. If you had married him, you would be the wife of a gas station attendant instead of the wife of a chief executive officer. (你瞧,嫁给了我真是你的幸运啊,你当初要是嫁给了他,你现在就做不了总裁的太太,而只能是加油工的太太了。)
他太太也不甘示弱地回敬道:
My dear, if I had married him, he would be the chief executive officer and you would be the gas station attendant. (嘿,亲爱的,如果我当初嫁的是他,他就是总裁,而你就是加油工了。)
在上一节里我们讨论了对过去事实的虚拟,主、从句的谓语形式分别是would have done和had done,但上文的最后两句话显然与此不同,请看下面黑体部分的谓语结构:
1 If you had married him, you would be the wife of a gas station attendant instead of the wife of a chief executive officer.
2 If I had married him, he would be the chief executive officer and you would be the gas station attendant.
经过分析就会发现,在这两个例句中,从句的“结婚(married)”这一活动是发生在过去,而且是与过去事实相反的一个假设,即是对过去的虚拟,所以谓语用的是过去完成时had married。所不同的是,这里的主句是表示与现在事实相反的一个假设,即是对现在事实的虚拟,所以谓语用would be这样的动词形式。简言之,这里的主句是对现在的虚拟,从句是对过去的虚拟,即主句和从句的虚拟时间不同。我们把这种主句、从句虚拟时间不一致的虚拟语气叫作“混合时间虚拟语气”。回顾前面三节讨论过的虚拟语气,其if引导的从句中,谓语动词表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间是一致的,即同为将来、现在或过去,此时主从句虚拟的时间是相同的。混合时间虚拟语气的谓语变化形式比较难一些,具体来说,当主从句动作发生的时间不一致时,主句和从句各自的谓语形式要根据它们各自动作发生的时间做适当调整。这里讨论的主句表示对现在的虚拟,谓语需要用“would+动词原形”,从句表示对过去的虚拟,谓语需要用过去完成时had done,这种混合时间的虚拟句子是最常见的。
(二)
克林顿与希拉里
关于上面那个故事,我还看到另外一个版本,就是拿美国前总统比尔·克林顿(Bill Clinton)来调侃,把故事中夫妇两人的角色换成了克林顿和他的夫人希拉里(Hillary)。英文故事是这样讲的:
3 Bill and Hillary are vacationing in Hillary’s hometown and stop at a gas station to gas up. The attendant comes out and fills up their car and when he leans over to collect the money he and Hillary recognize one another and begin making small talk.
When they finally leave, Bill asks her who she was talking to and she says it was her first boyfriend from back in high school.
Bill says that’s nice and asks her,“Do you ever think about what life would be like if things had been different and you had married him instead of me?”
To which Hillary responds,“Yes I do, you would be pumping gas and he would be president.”
妙语点睛 这里我们同样可以看到这种混合虚拟语气的使用,比如克林顿说:
Do you ever think about what life would be like if things had been different and you had married him instead of me?
因为主句是表示对现在的虚拟,所以主句谓语用了“would+动词原形”,即would be,而从句是表示对过去的虚拟假设,所以用了过去完成时had married。希拉里的回答只有表示对现在虚拟的主句“You would be pumping gas and he would be president.”,把从句省略了。
(三)
帕瓦罗蒂的成功之路
虽然说每个成功男人的背后都有一个伟大的女人,但是世界著名的三大男高音之一帕瓦罗蒂(Luciano Pavarotti)把自己的成功归功于他的爸爸。我们现来看看他的成长故事:
4 When Luciano Pavarotti was a boy, his grandmother put him on her lap and said,“You’re going to be great, you’ll see.”His mother dreamed he’d be a banker.“Instead,”Pavarotti explains,“I ended up teaching elementary school and sang only infrequently. But my father constantly goaded me, said I was singing below my potential.”
Finally, at age 22, Pavarotti quit teaching for selling insurance, to give him enough time to develop his vocal talent.“Studying voice was the turning point of my life,”says the opera star.“It’s a mistake to take the safe path in life. And yes, my teacher groomed me. But no teacher ever told me I would become famous. Just my grandmother. If I hadn’t listened to my father and dropped teaching, I would never be here.”
妙语点睛 在上文的最后一句里,“听从父亲的建议”显然是在过去发生的,而说“如果没有听”则是对过去的虚拟,因此帕瓦罗蒂用了过去完成时态说“If I hadn’t listened to my father and dropped teaching…”。而主句说“我今天就不可能站在这里了”,但事实上此刻他在这里,这显然是表示对现在事实的虚拟假设,所以他接着说I would never be here。
(四)
比尔·盖茨的故事
美国人似乎总爱拿名人来调侃,下面这个故事就是拿比尔·盖茨(Bill Gates)来开玩笑的:
5 Bill Gates is hanging out with the chairman of General Motors.
“If automotive technology had kept pace with computer technology over the past few decades,”boasts Gates,“you would now be driving a V-32 instead of a V-8, and it would have a top speed of 10,000 miles per hour. Or, you could have an economy car that weighs 30 pounds and gets a thousand miles to a gallon of gas. In either case, the sticker price of a new car would be less than $50.”
“Sure,”says the GM chairman.“But would you really want to drive a car that crashes four times a day?”
妙语点睛 我们看到,这里通篇用的都是虚拟语气。首先,我们来看if引导的从句。因为汽车技术的发展在过去的几十年中并没有像计算机的发展这么快,所以,这里if引导的从句是表示对过去事实的虚拟,故用过去完成时态had kept。其次,接下来的主句所设想的情形都是在这个虚拟条件下发生的,而且都是表示与现在事实相反,所以主句都用了would或could接一个动词原形,比如would be driving,would have,could have,would be以及would…want。
从以上的分析我们看到,对于混合虚拟语气,可以分两步判断:首先是根据上下文的语境,要能判断出某个句子是表达了与事实相反的情形,即虚拟;其次,分析主从句各自的虚拟时间有何不同,从而选择各自的谓语形式来表达不同的虚拟意义。比如下面这则笑话:
6 A: I don’t like my mother-in-law.
B: Listen, don’t you realize that you couldn’t have your wife if it hadn’t been for your mother-in-law?
A: Yes, that’s why I don’t like her.
妙语点睛 根据主句和从句的谓语形式,我们知道这是一个混合时间虚拟语气。主句的谓语couldn’t have表明是对现在的虚拟,从句的谓语hadn’t been表明是对过去的虚拟。那就要思考这里为什么要用混合时间虚拟呢?该如何判断虚拟时间呢?其实,这里的主句说“你不可能有你的妻子”,但事实是现在“你有妻子”,即是对现在一般情况的虚拟。那么从句为什么是表示对过去时间的虚拟呢?因为从句说“如果不是因为你的岳母”,言外之意是,“如果没有你的岳母生下你的妻子”——这是发生在过去的。所以,这里的从句是表示对过去的虚拟,于是采用过去完成时hadn’t been。
再比如下面这段对话:
7 A: What an accident! If you had been careful, things would not be as they are.
B: What do you mean, it was my fault? If it were, surely I would take all responsibility for it.
妙语点睛 这里的从句是对过去的虚拟,说话人A是在抱怨B当初没有小心。主句是对现在的虚拟,谈的是眼前糟糕的处境。在B的回答“If it were, surely I would take all responsibility for it.”中也使用了虚拟语气,主从句都是对现在的虚拟,其言外之意是:这不是他的错,所以他不会承担任何责任。
再比如,拿我个人来说,如果我从来没有学习过英语,那么我现在就不可能和读者分享语法规则了:
8 If I had not studied English, I would never be here to teach you grammar today.
我们再来看其他例句,请读者认真分析其中谓语的虚拟时间:
9 If they had invested in that stock, they might be wealthy now.
10 If I had studied English at school, I could read the English novel now.
11 If he had studied English two years ago, he might have a chance of going abroad for further study now.
的确,这种混合时间的虚拟语气对于中国学生来说是不易掌握的,因为既要判断所谈论的情形是否与事实相反,还得分别判断主句和从句虚拟的时间,所以在平时遇到时这种句子时需要细心体会,反复操练。只有这样,我们才能形成这种复杂的虚拟语气表达规律的思维,才能真正达到灵活运用的境界。
思维总结
这一节讨论的是“混合时间虚拟语气”,即主句和从句分别对不同的时间进行虚拟。在这一节里讨论的混合时间虚拟语气是ZxCg(主现从过)型虚拟语气,即主句对现在虚拟,用would do形式;从句对过去虚拟,用had done形式。这是最常用的一种混合虚拟语气。
在下一节里,我们将讨论另外一种混合虚拟语气,即ZgCx型:主句表过去+从句表现在。
思维训练 7.5 Key
请选择最佳答案填空。
1. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he ______ our chairman now.
A. must have been
B. would have been
C. were
D. would be
2. ______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
A. Had it not been
B. Were it not
C. Be it not
D. Should it not be