Chapter 8 情态动词
8.10 基本用法(五):建议与忠告
8.10 基本用法(五):建议与忠告
在英语中,表示“建议”与“忠告”的情态动词比较多,比如可以用could, shall和should等。本节内容安排如下:
8.10.1 could表示“建议”
8.10.2 Shall I…? Shall we…?
8.10.3 may (just) as well, might (just) as well
8.10.4 should和ought to表示“忠告”
8.10.5 should表示“忠告”与could表示“建议”的比较
8.10.6 had better表示“忠告”
8.10.1 could表示“建议”
前面讨论了could可以表示“推测”(可用于将来、现在及过去时间)、过去的“能力”、过去的“许可”。这里我们来看could用于表示“建议”,此时,could并不表示过去。比如:
1 A: I’ve been invited to a dinner party at Janet’s. Do you think I should bring something?
B: You could pick up a cake. Chocolate is her favorite.
妙语点睛 说话人A是在征求B的建议,于是B通过could来提出自己的建议,建议A“买一份蛋糕”。
其他例句比如:
2 A: What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做些什么?
B: We could go to the cinema. 我们可以去看电影。
3 It is a nice day. We could go for a walk. 今天天气不错,我们可以出去散散步。
4 We could go to that new restaurant opposite the cinema. 我们可以去电影院对面那家新开的餐馆吃饭。
5 We could go to the theater instead.
=How about going to the theater instead? 我们可以改去剧院。
8.10.2 Shall I…? Shall we…?
shall用于第一人称的一般疑问句中,表示征求对方的“建议”。请看例句:
1 Shall I open the window?
=Would you like me to open the window? 要不要我把窗子打开?
2 Shall we leave at two? Is that OK? 我们两点钟走如何?怎么样?
关于shall I/we的其他用法,详见8.15.1小节。
8.10.3 may (just) as well, might (just) as well
这组情态动词表示“建议换另一种方式做某事”,可译成“倒不如”“不妨”“最好”。请看例句:
1 A: I’ll go on Monday by train. 我将在周一坐火车去。
B: You might just as well wait till Wednesday and go by plane. 你不妨等到周三坐飞机去。
2 We may as well stay here tonight. 今晚我们最好呆在这里。
另外,may/might as well还有一种多少有些勉强或讥讽的意味,表示“在没有其他更好的选择的情况下,只好为之”之意(May/might as well describes the only thing left to do, something that the speaker is not enthusiastic about.)。比如:
3 It’s no use waiting here. We might as well start walking. 在这里干等没用,我们还不如开始步行回去。
4 Nobody else is going to turn up now for the lesson, so you may as well go home.
现在没有其他人会来上课了,所以你还是回家吧。
5 You might as well tell the truth (as continue to tell lies).
妙语点睛 这里言外之意是“别再继续撒谎了”,相当于“There is no point in your continuing to tell lies.”。
8.10.4 should和ought to表示“忠告”
should最主要的意义和用法就是表示“建议”“忠告”或者说“规劝”,表示“某事是应该做的或恰当的(appropriate behavior)”。比如:
1 You should brush your teeth twice a day. 你应该每天刷牙两次。
2 We should call them before we go there. 去那儿之前我们应该给他们打个电话。
3 You should do as you are told. 你应该按照被告知的那样去做。
4 We should study harder because the finals are near. 快要期末考试了,我们得更用功了。
此时的should往往也会含有“责任”和“义务”的含义。比如:
5 Drivers should obey the speed limit. 司机应该遵守车速限制(的规定)。
这种“责任”的意味比must要轻。请比较:
6 Drivers must obey the speed limit. 司机必须遵守车速限制(的规定)。
表示“责任”的should也常见于疑问句中,表示否定一个“责任”。比如:
7 Why should I do what everyone else does? 我为什么非得跟其他人一样啊?
8 Why should I go there when I’m quite happy here? 我在这里很快乐,为什么非要去那里啊?
总之,should的基本含义是表示进行恰当的行为(expressing appropriate behavior)、正确地做事(correct ways of doing things),所以可以用来表示规劝、建议或忠告等等。
另外,上述例句也都可以用ought to,只不过它更多地出现在口语中,而不是书面语中。
8.10.5 should表示“忠告”与could表示“建议”的比较
should表示强烈的、明确的忠告;could表示建议某事的可能性。
1 A: Hi, Tom. How is your chemistry paper going?
B: It’s coming along. But I’ve been staring at this computer screen for hours and my eyes hurt.
A: Yeah. Doing that can make your eyes really dry and tired. You should take a break.
B: I can’t. I have to get this paper written. It’s due tomorrow.
2 A: John doesn’t feel good. He has a bad stomachache.
B1: He should see a doctor.
B2: Well, he could see a doctor, or he could simply stay in bed for a day and hope he feels better tomorrow.
从上面这个对话看到,用should表示只有一种选择,而could表示可以有很多种选择。再如:
3 A: I need to get to the airport.
B1: You should take the airport bus. It’s cheaper than a taxi.
B2: Well, you could take the airport bus. Or you could take a taxi. Maybe Clint could take you. He has a car.
所以,总体来说,could比should的语气要弱得多,只是表示提供一种参考意见,听话人可以有多种选择。而should则是表示听话人最好应该采用的一种选择。
8.10.6 had better表示“忠告”
常用于口语中,后面接动词原形,否定用had better not do。
1 We had better study harder, or we’ll probably fail in the exam. 我们最好用功学习,不然就有可能考试不及格。
需要注意的是,had better在表示“忠告”时,有时会暗含“如果不这么做,就会有不良后果”的意思,而should则更为中性。比如:
2 You had better return the book to the library.
妙语点睛 这相当于警告对方,如果不及时还书,图书馆就会有惩罚措施,比如罚款。
3 You had better do your homework.
妙语点睛 言外之意是,如果不做作业就会受到批评,或是考试受影响等。
但是若用should,则更多的是表示个人的责任或义务,比如归还所借图书是每个人应该尽到的责任。比如说:
4 You should return the book to the library. 你应该把书还给图书馆。
5 You should do your homework. 你应该写作业。