Chapter 5 完成时态
5.8 完成时态用于最高级句型
5.8 完成时态用于最高级句型
(一)
先来看一则笑话:
1 I don’t mean to offend you, madam. But this is the ugliest baby I’ve ever seen in my life.
听完这句话,这位母亲简直不敢相信自己的耳朵,她问:“你说什么?”男人回答:
2 I mean I’ve seen ugly babies before, but this baby is the ugliest of all.
这话真是伤了这位母亲的心。她生气地哭叫起来:“你怎么敢侮辱我和我的孩子!我要去控告你!”
这时,空中小姐听到吵闹声后马上跑了过来,她也不知道发生了什么,但她想安慰这位母亲,于是很关心地说道:“夫人,放松点。我去给您倒杯茶,顺便拿根香蕉给您的猴子,您看好吗?(Excuse me, madam, why don’t you just relax while I get you a cup of tea and a banana for your monkey?)”
我想,听了这位空姐的话,这位母亲肯定都要气得背过气去!
真实往往是很残酷的。
这个笑话的英文原文请看本节后面的附录。我们先来分析一下这里的现在完成时态。英文常常把现在完成时态用于这样的结构中:
“最高级+名词+that 从句+现在完成时谓语”
也就是说,在形容词最高级修饰的名词后面若接有一个that从句,此时从句的谓语要用现在完成时态。
这一结构虽然不需要理解就能轻而易举地记住,从而能够知道何时该用现在完成时态。但是正如前面多次强调过的,如果光是死记结构,而不了解结构背后的思维规律,终究是不能真正学好英语的。其实这一结构中的现在完成时态符合5.5节讨论的完成时“重复事件”的思维规律,同时也是符合完成时表示“回顾”这一核心意义的。要比较说某事物“最怎么样”,显然是“回顾”了自己以前类似的经历,并把它们与现在相比较,然后得出结论,才说现在这事物“最怎么样”。比如上面这个笑话中,那位男子说“这孩子是我平生所见到的最丑的婴儿”时,他显然是在“回顾”自己曾经见过的所有孩子,所以他后来接着说I mean I’ve seen ugly babies before,然后做比较,最后得出结论说“这个孩子是最丑的”。这非常像汉语中说的,“我见过长得丑的孩子,但没见过长得这么丑的”。可以看出,这里的现在完成时I’ve seen ugly babies before就是表示一个重复的事件。
由上面的理性分析能看出,最高级与现在完成时态有一种“天然”的内在联系(The superlative adjective and the present perfect tense are intrinsically related),原因在于二者都具有“重复”的意义——表示从过去到目前为止的一个时间段内的重复事件。
大家应该还记得5.5.1小节中讲过的这个句子:
3 For us this has been the most perfect way to remember her, and this is how she would want to be remembered.
这是威廉王子在纪念他的母亲戴安娜的音乐会上说的一番话。在这个句子里,完成时has been与最高级the most perfect way就很好地结合在一起了。
进一步分析后会发现,为了配合最高级所表达的“重复”意义,要采用现在完成时态来造句,即我们可以把最高级所在的句子的谓语直接用现在完成时态,比如说成this has been the most perfect way;也可以像本节讨论的那样在最高级后面的从句中使用现在完成时谓语,比如this is the ugliest baby I’ve ever seen。此时,最高级所在的主句的谓语就要用一般时态了。这相当于是把现在完成时态“后移”了——由原来的主句谓语移至从句谓语。
说到这里,也许有读者就会问了:那么该如何把句子“For us this has been the most perfect way to remember her…”的现在完成时“后移”到从句谓语呢?请大家现在就动笔试试看如何改写这个句子。
下面给大家提供一个改写的版本:
This is the most perfect way that we have had to remember her…
这里的现在完成时态由原句For us this has been the most perfect way to remember her中的has been位置“后移”至“This is the most perfect way that we have had to remember her…”这个句子的that从句have had的位置,而原来的has been变为现在的is。
因此,对于较难理解其中完成时态的句子“For us this has been the most perfect way to remember her…”,可以将其改写成“This is the most perfect way that we have had to remember her…”,还可以进一步解释这个句子为“That means, we have had lots of different ways to remember her, but this is the most perfect of them all.(到目前为止,我们有过很多纪念她的方式,但这次音乐会是最佳的纪念方式。)”。这里的“重复”意义就非常明显,从而易于理解为什么要用现在完成时态。5.5节分析这个句子时强调过,这里的has been隐含了“重复”的意义。到这里,相信读者应该更能理解has been所具有的“重复”意义,以及这个句子谓语为什么要用has been而不是简单的is了。
下面这个例句讲的是当时的英国球星贝克汉姆(David Beckham)也出席了纪念戴安娜的音乐会,请看他是如何评价戴安娜的:
4 When the footballer took to the stage to huge cheers, he said:“I am truly honored to be here today to help celebrate the incredible life of the most amazing lady this country has seen for many, many years. She was the nation’s lady, the nation’s princess, always has been and always will be.”
妙语点睛 小贝在他的讲话中同样是在最高级the most amazing lady后面的从句中使用了现在完成时态has seen。
下面再来看一位牙医是如何“残酷而真实”地对待病人的:
5“Good grief, you’ve got the biggest cavity (牙洞) I’ve ever seen!”the dentist exclaimed as he examined a new patient.
“The biggest cavity I’ve ever seen!”
The patient snapped (厉声说),“You don’t have to repeat it.”
“I didn’t,”replied the dentist,“That was an echo.”
妙语点睛 这里,这位牙医真实的回答同样招来病人的不快。所以,有时人们还是爱听“美丽的谎言(white lies)”的。这个句子因为有了最高级biggest,而具备了“回顾”过去的意义以及“重复事件”的意义,所以,从句谓语用了现在完成时。
“你不必非得重复说两遍啊。”病人生气地说道。
我们再来看下面这个句子:
6 He is the cockiest guy I have ever met in my life.
妙语点睛 墨西哥前总统比森特·福克斯如此描述美国前总统布什。在其出版的回忆录中,福克斯还透露,尽管布什总是表现出美国西部牛仔的做派,但他实际上很害怕骑马,他的得州农场也没有马。该从句中的that被省略了,原句相当于“He is the cockiest guy that I have ever met in my life.”。
5.5节中提到过,美国前总统吉米·卡特2007年5月19日对布什政府提出强烈批评,认为布什政府在处理国际关系方面堪称“史上最差”。有专家认为,这是卡特迄今针对一名美国总统提出过的最强烈的指责。美国图兰大学历史学家暨卡特传记作者道格拉斯·布林克利说,卡特这么强烈地批评一名现任总统是“史无前例”的(Douglas Brinkley, a Tulane University presidential historian and Carter biographer, described Carter’s comments as unprecedented.)。下面来看他的原句是怎么说的:
7 This is the most forceful denunciation President Carter has ever made about an American president. When you call somebody the worst president, that’s volatile. Those are fighting words.
妙语点睛 这里最高级the most forceful后面的从句中使用了现在完成时态has ever made。
在日常口语中,要告诉别人这是自己的“最怎么样”的经历时,就要用现在完成时态。比如:
8 This is the most interesting novel that I’ve ever read. 这是我看过的最有趣的小说。
9 This is the hardest job that I’ve ever done. 这是我做过的最难的工作。
10 A: This is the longest assignment we’ve had all semester.
B: You’re telling me. We’ll be lucky if we can do half of it.
11 Living with a roommate in a dorm has to be the hardest thing I’ve encountered.
对于这样的表达,请读者注意模仿,今后可以用在自己的口语表达中。
(二)
在这个句型结构中,除了用最高级外,还可以用序数词(如second)来修饰名词。此时,从句的谓语同样要用现在完成时态。比如下面这位喝咖啡上瘾的人:
12 A: This is the tenth cup of coffee that I’ve drunk this evening.
B: How are you going to be able to fall asleep later if you keep on like this?
妙语点睛 从这个对话中,同样可以看出完成时态的“重复”意义:说话人是在“回顾”自己今晚“重复”喝了10杯咖啡。
再来看下面这个笑话:
13 A: Doctor, I’m very nervous. This is the first time I’ve ever needed an operation.
B: Don’t worry, I feel the same. This is the first operation I’ve ever performed.
在口语中,如果要告诉别人自己是第几次来某地方,都要用现在完成时态。比如:
14 This is the first time that I’ve come to Beijing. 这是我第一次来北京。
15 This is the third time that I’ve come to Paris. 这是我第三次来巴黎。
再来看下面这个关于电脑报错的句子:
16 A problem has been detected and Windows has been shut down to prevent damage to your computer. If this is the first time you’ve seen this stop error screen, restart your computer. If this screen appears again, follow these steps.
妙语点睛 这里的主句中有序数词first,所以后面从句的谓语用完成时态have seen。另外两个完成时has been detected和has been shut down在5.6.3小节介绍过。
最后,需要顺便提及的是,在上述句型中,主句的谓语若是一般过去时,比如was(如It was the second/best…),that后面的句子的谓语要用过去完成时态。例如:
17 That was the tenth cup of coffee that I had drunk that night. 那是我那天晚上喝的第10杯咖啡。
思维总结
本节的内容较为简单,大家只要记住下列结构须用现在完成时态即可:
(This/That/It is+)最高级或序数词修饰名词+that从句,从句谓语用现在完成时。
同时,要能真正理解这一结构中现在完成时背后所反映的“重复”意义。
思维训练 5.8 Key
一、请用适当的时态填空。
1. It is the third time that I ______ (come) to Beijing.
2. It is the fifth time that someone ______ (knock) at my door.
3. A: This is the longest assignment we ______ (have) all semester.
B: You’re telling me. We’ll be lucky if we can do half of it.
4. A: This is the most fascinating article that I ______ (ever, read).
B: Oh, really? I would have thought that anything about electronics would be tedious.
5. This is the most interesting movie that I ______ (ever, see).
6. This book is huge. It has the most extensive collection of World War II photos that I ______ (ever, see).
二、请翻译成英文。
7. 这是我喝过的最美的酒。
8. 这是我读过的最糟糕的一本书。
9. 这是所有我做过的工作当中最难的一份。
附录:开心一刻
On a plane, a man sits next to a mother holding her baby. The mother is very proud of her baby. She shows it off to the man.
“I don’t mean to offend you, madam. But this is the ugliest baby I’ve ever seen in my life,”the man said.
The woman cannot believe her ears, she asks,“Excuse me?”
“I mean I’ve seen ugly babies before, but this baby is the ugliest of all,”answers the man.
The woman is very angry and sad, and she starts shouting and crying.“How dare you insult me and my baby! I’m going to sue you.”
The air stewardess hears the shouting. She quickly goes over to the woman and tries to calm her down.“Excuse me, madam, why don’t you just relax while I get you a cup of tea and a banana for your monkey?”