中级 · 通悟语法
附录 参考答案
附录 参考答案
Chapter 1 简单句与复合句
1. 这里是对介词短语with one hand所作的成分有不同的解释。在说话者A的话语中，with one hand是作状语，修饰谓语lift，表示“用一只手就能够把一头猪举起来”。但在B的话语中，with one hand是作定语，修饰pig，表示“只有一条腿的猪”。
2. 这里是对介词短语with a wooden leg所作的成分有不同的解释。在顾客的话语中，with a wooden leg是作定语，修饰man，表示“装有一条木制假腿的男子”。但理发师把with a wooden leg误解成是作状语，修饰shaved，表示“用一条木头腿来给一个男子刮脸”。于是，他立即说道“不是，我总是用剃刀来给他刮脸”。
1. 她独身一辈子，直到去世都未嫁人。
2. 他18岁到北京时身无分文，但现在已是一家跨国公司的总裁了。
3. 这本书过期一周了，我肯定会被罚款。
4. 史密斯先生去世时是一所大学的校长。
相当于“Mr. Smith was a university president when he died.”。
5. 他当时在装傻。
6. 他当时的行为非常愚蠢。
7. C。表示行为愚蠢，所以要用副词foolishly来修饰acted。
8. A。act是系动词，后接形容词sick作表语。
9. C。look作系动词时，意为“看起来”，后面接形容词作表语。look作行为动词时，意为“看”，look around意为“朝周围看”，可以被副词nervously修饰，充当其方式状语。
10. B。stay是系动词，其后接形容词，作表语。
1. a thief是间接宾语；enough rope是直接宾语。可以用to改写成：Give enough rope to a thief。
精品译文：多行不义必自毙。
2. me是间接宾语；a good novel是直接宾语。可以用to改写成：Can you recommend a good novel to me?
精品译文：你能给我推荐一部好的小说吗？
3. them是间接宾语；a hut是直接宾语。可以用for改写成：He built a hut for them.
精品译文：他为他们建造了一个小木屋。
4. himself是间接宾语；a bottle of champagne是直接宾语。可以用for改写成：He ordered a bottle of champagne for himself.
精品译文：他为自己点了一瓶香槟。
5. me是间接宾语；an interesting novel是直接宾语。可以用for改写成：Will you choose an interesting novel for me？
精品译文：你愿意为我挑选一本有趣的小说吗？
6. me是间接宾语；a few minutes of your valuable time是直接宾语。可以用for改写成：Can you spare a few minutes of your valuable time for me？
精品译文：我能占用你几分钟宝贵的时间吗？
7. me是间接宾语；anything是直接宾语。可以用to改写成：Jack doesn’t owe anything to me.
精品译文：杰克不欠我任何东西。
8. you是间接宾语；a favor是直接宾语。可以用of改写成：May I ask a favor of you?
精品译文：我能请你帮个忙吗？
9. you是间接宾语；a lot of time是直接宾语。可以用for改写成：That will save a lot of time for you。
精品译文：那样会为你节省很多时间。
10. the author是间接宾语；a Nobel Prize是直接宾语。可以用for改写成：The novel won a Nobel Prize for the author。
精品译文：这部小说为其作者赢得了诺贝尔奖。
11. me是间接宾语；three dollars是直接宾语。该句不能改写。
精品译文：这花了我3美元。
1. grow fonder是宾语补足语，不带to的不定式作宾补。
精品译文：久别情深。
2. thirty times their original size是宾语补足语，名词短语作宾补。
精品译文：17世纪的望远镜能够把物体放大30倍。
3. speechless是宾语补足语，形容词作宾补。
精品译文：这名男生一番刻薄的话让老师无言以对。
4. over是宾语补足语，副词作宾补。
精品译文：主席宣布会议结束。
5. medium是宾语补足语，形容词作宾补。
精品译文：我喜欢牛排半分熟。
6. free是宾语补足语，形容词作宾补。
精品译文：迪克把笼中的动物放跑了。
7. black是宾语补足语，形容词作宾补。
精品译文：锅说水壶黑/半斤八两/五十步笑百步。
1. B。本题考查复合宾语结构：consider A B，表示“把A看作是B”。
精品译文：薇拉·凯瑟认为她的那部描写19世纪内布拉斯加州生活的小说《我的安东尼亚》是她最好的一部作品。
2. B。本题考查复合宾语结构：make A B，表示“使A成为B”。
精品译文：卡丽·马克·威姆斯在拍摄照片时，常常把自己的家人作为拍摄对象。这些照片深刻反映了非洲裔美国人的经历，并表达了对他们的深厚情感。
3. B。本题考查复合宾语结构：name A B，表示“任命A成为B”。
精品译文：尤利塞斯·S.格兰特上台成为美国总统的第一个任命就是，任命塞内卡族首领多奥甘瓦作为处理印度事务的特使。
4. C。本题考查复合宾语结构：consider A B，表示“把A看作是B”。
精品译文：小说家伊迪丝·华顿认为作家亨利·詹姆斯对自己的作品有很大的影响。
5. C。本题考查复合宾语结构：make A B，表示“使A成为B”。
精品译文：蓝宝石可以使紫外线和红外线的辐射穿透，这使得其在光学仪器中得到广泛的应用。
6. C。本题考查复合宾语结构：appoint A B，表示“授予A成为B”。
精品译文：在1993年，美国国会图书馆授予作家丽塔·达夫美国“桂冠诗人”称号。
7. D。本题考查双宾语结构：win sb. sth.。这里D选项中 a work是作为同位语，补充说明The Old Man and the Sea。然后在work后边接一个定语从句。
精品译文：在1952年，欧内斯特·海明威发表了小说《老人与海》，这部作品为他赢得了1954年的诺贝尔文学奖。
8. C。本题考查双宾语结构：win sb. sth.。A和B选项有was作谓语，错误；D选项误用了介词for，应该说成：win sth. for sb.，而不是for sth.。
精品译文：芭芭拉·麦克林托克在遗传学领域的研究成果使她赢得了1983年的诺贝尔奖。
Chapter 2 名词从句
1. Whether she comes is unimportant to me.
2. Whether we shall have the match remains uncertain.
3. I wonder whether we should wait for him.
4. No one knows exactly whether there is life on other planets.
5. I am interested in the question whether people will live on the moon someday.
6. My question is whether we have enough time to go to the movie.
7. Do you know whether sound travels faster than light?
8. I don’t know how old he is.
9. What he was talking about was interesting.
10. Do you know what’s on TV tonight?
11. Please tell me where you live.
12. I wonder why dinosaurs became extinct.
13. What she said wasn’t true.
14. What he told you is true.
15. Why they refused to cooperate with us is still a mystery.
16. Do you know when they are coming?
17. I can’t remember how much it costs.
18. Let’s ask him which book he wants.
19. I don’t know who is coming to the party.
20. I don’t know who those people are.
21. Do you know whose pen this is?
22. Why they left the country is a secret.
23. Where she went is none of your business.
24. What happened on the morning of September 11 will be forever etched in our memories?
25. I don’t remember how many letters there are in the English alphabet.
26. I need to find out how old a person has to be to get a driver’s license.
27. The little boy wants to know whether animals have the same emotions as human beings.
28. The little boy wants to know why the water of the sea is salty.
1. It is a fact that the world is round.
2. It is true that smoking can cause cancer.
3. It is true that English is becoming an international language.
4. It was strange that Clint failed his English exam.
5. It is a consolation that they are still alive.
6. It is a serious matter that he has been late for work over and over again.
1. B。这是how引导的宾语从句，其中how在从句中充当方式状语，修饰began。
2. D。这是固定的主语从句句型“It is+形容词+that”。
3. C。这是固定的主语从句句型“It is+名词+that”。D错误，因为有冠词a，但没有名词。
4. C。这是固定的主语从句句型“It is+过去分词+that”。
5. B。这是what引导的主语从句，what需要充当成分。这里what充当从句的主语。
6. A。这是what引导的表语从句，其中what充当从句谓语solve的宾语。连词that不充当成分，故B错误。
7. B。这是固定的主语从句句型“It+be动词+过去分词+that从句”。
8. D。这是what引导的宾语从句，what作表语。
9. B。这是what引导的宾语从句，其中what作do的宾语。A错误，是因为that和what是两个连词，但后边只有一个从句。
10. B。这是what引导的宾语从句，其中what作says的宾语。
11. A。这是that引导的宾语从句，that不充当任何成分。
12. B。这是when引导的宾语从句，其中when修饰return。A错误，是因为that和when是两个连词，但只有一个从句。C错误，是因为if or not一般不连用，可以说whether or not。
13. C。这是what引导的表语从句，其中what在从句中充当主语。
14. B。这里是what引导的主语从句：What can be dangerous。其中，what在从句中充当主语。
15. B。这是关于what引导的宾语从句，其中what充当know的宾语。
16. B。这里含有两个名词从句。一个是what引导的主语从句，其中what充当从句谓语tell的宾语；另一个是that引导的表语从句，that不充当任何成分。
17. B。这是what引导的主语从句，其中what充当从句谓语adopt的宾语。
18. A。这是what引导的表语从句。这里what用法较特殊，其后接有名词measure，what measure充当从句谓语adopt的宾语。
19. B。这是where引导的表语从句，表示地点。
20. C。在reason后边的表语从句一般不用because，而用that。故C正确，D错误。这与汉语思维有差异，请读者注意比较。
21. D。这是从句的嵌套结构。首先是how引导一个表语从句，然后在此从句中，嵌套一个what引导的主语从句。其中what充当从句谓语learned的宾语。
22. A。这是that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词signs。
23. C。这是固定的主语从句句型“It is+过去分词+that”。
24. B。这是固定的主语从句句型“It is+过去分词+that”。
25. B。这是that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词news。
26. what。这里what引导的是表语从句，且what在从句中充当主语。
27. whether。这里whether引导的是主语从句，从句被放在了句末。
28. why。这里why引导的是主语从句，从句被放在了句末。
29. that。这里that引导的是表语从句。因为前面有reason，后边不能用because。
30. that。这里that引导的是同位语从句，补充说明conclusion。
31. what。这里what引导的是同位语从句，补充说明idea，且what在从句中充当主语。
32. that。这里that引导的是同位语从句，补充说明idea。
33. that, what, what。这里that引导的是一个定语从句，且在从句中作主语。后面两个what引导的都是表语从句，并且what在从句中充当主语。
34. what, what, what。这里三个what引导的都是表语从句，并且what在从句中充当主语。
35. B，改为that。这里that引导的是同位语从句，补充说明proof。
精品译文：要说植物所需要的食物与动物的不同，有证据表明这一点吗？
36. A，改为what。这里what引导的是主语从句，且what在从句中充当doing的宾语。
精品译文：如果一个人所热衷从事的工作却被社会认为是毫无价值或毫无意义的，那么他就不可能真正快乐。
37. C，改为that。这里that引导的是同位语从句，补充说明fact。
精品译文：越来越多的人已经意识到这样的事实：心脏病与人们的生活方式有关系。
Chapter 3 定语从句
Passage 1
这里定语从句包括：
1. I like guys who aren’t too serious and who have a good sense of humor.
这里有两个定语从句：who aren’t too serious和who have a good sense of humor，都是修饰同一个先行词guys，关系词是who。
2. I’d prefer someone who I have something in common with—who I can talk to easily.
这里有两个定语从句：who I have something in common with和who I can talk to easily，都是修饰同一个先行词someone，关系词是who。
Passage 2
这里定语从句包括：
1. I’m talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living.
这里有三个定语从句：who care deeply about each other，who support each other和who make life worth living，都是修饰同一个先行词friends，关系词是who。
2. I’m talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.
这里定语从句who you can share almost everything with修饰先行词friends，关系词是who。
精品译文：友谊是一件很复杂的事，它很难处理，有时还会带来麻烦。事实上，我想说的是，友谊与爱情甚至婚姻一样难以应付。当然了，我这里所说的友谊不是那种“来得快去得也快”的泛泛之交，而是那种彼此之间能真正互相关心的朋友，能够互相支持的朋友，能够让你的人生更有意义的朋友，是那种你和他们几乎可以分享一切的朋友。
Passage 3
这里定语从句包括：
1. And yet when anyone of us has seen that which to him is beautiful
这里定语从句which to him is beautiful修饰先行词that，关系词是which。
2. he has known an emotion which is in every case the same in kind.
这里定语从句which is in every case the same in kind修饰先行词emotion，关系词是which。
3. these are the drops of rain that keep the human spirit from death by draught.
这里定语从句that keep the human spirit from death by draught修饰先行词the drops of rain，关系词是that。
4. They are a stealing and silent refreshment that we perhaps do not think about but which goes on all the time.
这里有两个定语从句：that we perhaps do not think about和which goes on all the time，都是修饰同一个先行词stealing and silent refreshment，关系词分别是that和which。
精品译文：审美标准，因人而异。但一旦美在眼前出现，我们对美的感受却并无二致。扬帆的航船，绽放的鲜花，夜晚的小镇，优美的诗行，婆娑的树影，孩童的烂漫，满天的繁星，春天的果树——这些使我们产生美感的万千景象，仿佛雨露般滋润着我们干涸的心田。它们悄然而来，在我们不经意间荡涤尘寰，绵延不断。美是大地的笑容，人人得以享受，只要我们用眼去捕捉，用心去感受。
1. 可以与f搭配，从而构成这样的句子：It would be fun to go out with a person who is a really good conversationalist.
精品译文：与善于交谈的人出去约会，应该是非常有趣的事情。
2. 可以与a搭配，从而构成这样的句子：For me, the ideal spouse is someone who doesn’t mind doing housework.
精品译文：对我来说，理想的伴侣应该是不介意做家务的人。
可以与c搭配，从而构成这样的句子：For me, the ideal spouse is someone that I can trust completely.
精品译文：对我来说，理想的伴侣应该是我能够完全信任的人。
可以与f搭配，从而构成这样的句子：For me, the ideal spouse is someone who is a really good conversationalist.
精品译文：对我来说，理想的伴侣应该是真正善于交流的人。
3. 可以与c搭配，从而构成这样的句子：I’d really like to find a friend that I can trust completely.
精品译文：我真想找到一个我能够完全信任的朋友。
4. 可以与e搭配，从而构成这样的句子：I hope I never have a boss I can’t talk to about my problems.
精品译文：我不希望有一个无法与其谈论我的问题的老板。
5. 可以与b搭配，从而构成这样的句子：I don’t want to be friends with anyone I have nothing in common with.
精品译文：我不想同那些与我没有任何共同点的人做朋友。
可以与e搭配，从而构成这样的句子：I don’t want to be friends with anyone I can’t talk to about my problems.
精品译文：我不想同那些无法和他谈论我的问题的人做朋友。
6. 可以与d搭配，从而构成这样的句子：The perfect English teacher is someone that doesn’t criticize me all the time.
精品译文：一个真正的好的英语老师是不会总批评我的。
7. 错误。应改为He is the man who is teaching us English。
8. 错误。应改为I’d really like to find a friend that I can trust completely。
9. 错误。应改为I’d really like to find a friend I can share almost everything with。
10. 关系词作从句的主语：I like people who always keep their promise.
关系词作从句的动词宾语：I like people who I can trust.
关系词作从句的介词宾语：I like people who I can have fun with.
11. 关系词作从句的主语：I don’t like teachers who do not have sense of responsibility.
关系词作从句的动词宾语：I don’t like teachers who I can’t understand well in class.
关系词作从句的介词宾语：I don’t like teachers who I can’t talk to about my problems.
12. 关系词作从句的主语：A good friend is a person who is always there to support you.
关系词作从句的动词宾语：A good friend is a person who you can have by your side supporting you while you are in trouble.
关系词作从句的介词宾语：A good friend is a person who you can share almost everything with.
13. 关系词作从句的主语：I have a good friend who is always ready to help me when I am in trouble.
关系词作从句的动词宾语：I have a good friend who I can trust completely.
关系词作从句的介词宾语：I have a good friend who I can always rely on.
1. The girl who won the race is happy.
2. The student who sits next to me is from America.
3. The boy who fell from a tree was not badly hurt.
4. The taxi driver who took me to the airport was friendly.
5. I can’t remember the name of the person to whom I gave the money.
6. The employees who had reached the age of sixty-five had to retire.
7. The teacher spoke to the boys whose work was below standard.
8. The people whose houses I rented were friendly.
9. He is the professor whose grammar course I am taking.
10. That is the man whose son died in that air crash.
11. The man whose car was stolen called the police.
12. The man whose picture is in the newspaper is famous.
13. I have a neighbor whose dog barks all day long.
14. The girl whose camera I borrowed is a good friend of mine.
15. The church where we were married was built in 1400.
16. She told me her address, which I wrote down on a piece of paper.
17. We are studying sentences which contain adjective clauses.
18. The exhibition which my friend took me to see was not very interesting.
19. John isn’t home yet, which worried me.
20. Jack was fired from his job, which surprised all of his co-workers.
21. My roommate always plays music at the dorm, which really gets on my nerves.
22. 错误。应改为：I enjoy the music that we are listening to.
23. 错误。应改为：The people who live next to me are friendly.
24. 错误。应改为：He is the man who taught me English.
25. 错误。应改为：I gave the book to him that he needed.
26. 错误。应改为：The airline has a booklet which will tell you most of the important things about a trip to Europe.
27. 错误。应改为：The man who told me the news refused to give me his name.
28. 错误。应改为：The book which I bought at the bookstore was very useful.
29. 错误。应改为：The woman that I met yesterday was nice.
30. 错误。应改为：I met a woman whose husband is a famous lawyer.
31. 错误。应改为：Let ABC be a triangle whose sides are of unequal length.
32. 错误。应改为：Do you know the people who live in that house?
33. 错误。应改为：The people who I met at the party last night were interesting.
34. 错误。应改为：He dropped in on an old friend that day when he visited his club.
35. 错误。应改为：The day, which began brightly, ended with a violent storm.
36. The girl who answered the phone was polite. 这里who作主语，因而不可以省去。
37. I didn’t know any of the people (who) Bill invited to his party. 这里who作宾语，因而可以省去。
38. The woman (who) I saw in the park was feeding the pigeons. 这里who作宾语，因而可以省去。
39. I like the barber who usually cuts my hair. 这里who作主语，因而不可以省去。
40. The person (who) I admire most is my father. 这里who作宾语，因而可以省去。
41. The people (who) I met at the party last night were very nice. 这里who作宾语，因而可以省去。
42. The people who live next to me have three cars. 这里who作主语，因而不可以省去。
43. The soup (which) I had for lunch was too salty. 这里which作宾语，因而可以省去。
44. The pill (which) I took made me sleepy. 这里which作宾语，因而可以省去。
45. My daughter asked me a question (which) I couldn’t answer. 这里which作宾语，因而可以省去。
46. The man (who) my sister goes out with is tall, dark and handsome. 这里who作宾语，因而可以省去。
47. I couldn’t understand the woman (who) I talked to on the phone. 这里who作宾语，因而可以省去。
1. Monday is the day when we will come.
2. He arrived in Shanghai on the day when I left.
3. July is the month when the weather is usually the hottest.
4. March 10, 1876 was the day when the first complete sentence was sent over a telephone.
5. The city where we spent our vacation was beautiful.
6. That is the restaurant where I will meet you.
7. The town where I grew up is small.
8. This is the house where they put their tools.
9. when
10. which
11. which
12. when
13. when
14. where
15. which
16. which
17. where
18. which
19. where
20. which
1. 应该添加逗号，改为非限制性定语从句：Seoul, which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics, is well known for its shopping.
2. 不需要添加逗号，保留限制性定语从句。
3. 应该添加逗号，改为非限制性定语从句：There are many temples and shrines in Kyoto, which used to be the capital of Japan.
4. 应该添加逗号，改为非限制性定语从句：Kyoto, which was the country’s capital from 794 until 1868, has around 2,000 temples and shrines.
5. 应该添加逗号，改为非限制性定语从句：Brasilia, which is the capital of Brazil, is more than 50 years old.
6. 不需要添加逗号，保留限制性定语从句。
7. 应该添加逗号，改为非限制性定语从句：Bangkok, which is the capital of Thailand, has many beautiful temples.
8. 应该添加逗号，改为非限制性定语从句：Mexico City, which has a population of around 20,000,000, is the largest urban area in the Americas.
9. 应该添加逗号，改为非限制性定语从句：Salvador, which lies in the northeast, was the country’s busiest port from 1500 to 1815.
10. 不需要添加逗号，保留限制性定语从句。
11. 不需要添加逗号，保留限制性定语从句。
12. 不需要添加逗号，保留限制性定语从句。
13. 应该添加逗号，改为非限制性定语从句：The teacher, who comes from Canada, teaches us English.
14. 不需要添加逗号，保留限制性定语从句。
15. 限制性或非限制性均可。
I saw him stand under the apple tree which was behind the house. 用限制性定语从句表明屋子周围有多棵树。
I saw him stand under the apple tree, which was behind the house. 用非限制性定语从句表明屋子周围只有一棵树。
16. 限制性或非限制性均可。
The teacher thanked the students who had given her some flowers. 用限制性定语从句表明老师对部分学生表示感谢。
The teacher thanked the students, who had given her some flowers. 用非限制性定语从句表示补充，说明感谢的原因。
17. 限制性或非限制性均可。
He has a daughter who works in a hospital. 用限制性定语从句表明他有多个女儿。
He has a daughter, who works in a hospital. 用非限制性定语从句表明他只有一个女儿。
18. 应该添加逗号，改为非限制性定语从句：An elephant, which is the earth’s largest land mammal, has few natural enemies other than human beings.
19. 不需要添加逗号，保留限制性定语从句。
20. 不需要添加逗号，保留限制性定语从句。
21. 应该添加逗号，改为非限制性定语从句：Rice, which is grown in many countries, is a staple food throughout much of the world.
22. 限制性或非限制性均可。
Jane was delighted when she opened the present which was from her ex-boyfriend. 用限制性定语从句表明简收到了多份礼物。
Jane was delighted when she opened the present, which was from her ex-boyfriend. 用非限制性定语从句表明简只收到了一份礼物。
23. 不需要添加逗号，保留限制性定语从句。
24. 应该添加逗号，改为非限制性定语从句：Linda Watson, who earned a cumulative grade point average of 3.7, was graduated with highest honors.
25. 不需要添加逗号，保留限制性定语从句。
1. 这是定语从句。关系词that充当offered宾语，因而可以把that省去，或改为which。
2. 这是同位语从句。连词that后边是一个完整的陈述句，因而that在从句中不充当任何成分，不能把that省去，也不能改为which。
3. Studies show that…宾语从句；the things that contribute…定语从句。
精品译文：研究表明，真正让我们感到幸福的东西是金钱无法买到的，比如：美满的家庭生活、纯真的友谊和工作上的称心如意。
4. 同位语从句。
精品译文：尽管大多数人认为核战争是愚蠢的行为，但这并不意味着核战不会爆发。
5. 同位语从句。
精品译文：生命早在38亿年前就已经存在的证据在这些古老的岩石中被发现了。
6. 同位语从句。
精品译文：在伦敦以南45英里处发现有一只美洲狮出没的通知送到伦敦动物园时，人们对此并没有重视。
7. 在主语部分The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others，其中的that从句是同位语从句，补充说明idea。
在表语部分one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name，其中的that从句是定语从句，后置修饰hypotheses。
精品译文：认为某些特定人群要比其他人群更聪明，这个观点一般是不敢公开宣扬的。
8. The rumor that…同位语从句；warned that…宾语从句；any man that…定语从句；all the men that…定语从句；one little man that…定语从句；see…that we have…宾语从句。
精品译文：古时候，有位国王，他想证明在他统治的国度里并非像人们谣传的那样：妇人统治丈夫。他把王国里所有的男人都召到跟前，并警告说，如果谁不说实话将遭到严厉的惩罚。然后，他让所有听从夫人命令的男人站到王宫的左侧。结果所有的男人都去了左边，只有一个矮小的男人站在右边。“太好了，”国王说，“我们的国度里还有一个真正的男人。告诉那些胆小鬼们，你为什么站在右边。”“陛下，”他尖着嗓子说，“微臣出门之前，夫人有令，人多的地方不能去。”
1. Yesterday I bought a book whose author was blind.
2. My office, which is small, is on the second floor of this building.
3. The book that you lent me yesterday is very interesting.
4. The teacher teaches me English, who comes from Canada.
5. The girl I work with has a boyfriend.
6. Please tell me the reason why you were late this morning.
7. It was raining when they arrived .
8. He is the man who you can depend on.
9. What is the name of the hotel where you live?
10. The man who answered the phone told me that you were away.
11. C。先行词是the professor and her achievement，包含人和物，此时只能用that引导定语从句。
12. A。先行词是anything，此时只能用that引导定语从句。
13. B。先行词voice有最高级the loudest修饰，此时只能用that引导定语从句。
14. B。先行词book有最高级the best修饰，此时只能用that引导定语从句。
15. A。表示所属关系，用关系词whose。也可以说of which the name或the name of which。
16. C。先行词是整个主句the meeting was postponed，此时只能用which引导定语从句。如果没有，则可以采用并列句，故C正确。
17. A。这里for whom来自work for搭配。
18. A。先行词是much，用that引导定语从句。
19. D。这里是根据句子意思来选择介词，from the cover of which表示“从书的封面（可以判断）”。
20. A。先行词是表示时间，用when引导定语从句。
21. A。这里for which相当于why，表示原因。
22. C。A的先行词是address，但关系词是who，故错误；B的先行词是address，与谓语ordered“订购”语义不搭配，故错误；D的先行词是lady，但关系词是which，故错误。
23. C。这里先行词是time，表示时间，故when正确。
24. C。先行词被no修饰，常用that引导定语从句。
25. D。这里that引导的是同位语从句，补充说明certainty。
26. C。名词Venus是表示地点，因此要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，在从句中作地点状语。
27. D。名词reason是表示原因，因此要用关系副词why来引导定语从句，在从句中作原因状语，修饰died。
28. A。名词shop是表示地点，因此要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，在从句中作地点状语，修饰谓语buy。
29. B。这里虽然先行词是reason，但它充当gave的宾语，所以该用that引导定语从句。
30. D。关系词充当从句中about的宾语，故要用关系代词which引导定语从句。
31. D。这里定语从句是修饰指人的those。
32. D。这里that引导同位语从句，补充说明evidence。
33. C。这里定语从句是修饰food crop。
34. B。这里定语从句是修饰前面整个句子they helped us time and again。
35. D。这里the one相当于the one which，关系词被省去。
36. D。这里that引导同位语从句，补充说明reports。
37. C。考查whose的用法。这里whose指代feathers，whose colors作主语，而blend是动词，作谓语。
38. C。这是省去了关系词的定语从句，相当于…that a person may have…，修饰freedoms and rights。
39. D。这里是省去关系词的定语从句，相当于that the average person could afford。
40. who
41. who
42. where
43. who
44. who
45. where
46. where
精品译文：传说中有两个朋友在沙漠中旅行，在旅途中他们吵架了。一个人还给了另外一个人一记耳光。被打的觉得受辱，一言不语，在沙子上写下：“今天我的好朋友打了我一巴掌。”
47. what
48. what
49. that
50. 不填
51. that
52. which/that
53. why
54. 不填
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57. which/that
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60. that
61. what
62. how
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66. that
Chapter 4 状语从句
1. B。考查时间状语从句的各类句型结构。比如还有no sooner…than…，hardly…when…等。
2. D。考查表示“一……就……”的时间连词。
3. C。考查表示“一……就……”的时间连词。
4. A。考查when的用法特点。when在这里表示“突然，意外”的含义。
5. A。这是一道考研真题。本题不难，考生需熟悉when表示过去时间的一个固定搭配用法，即hardly had sth. done when sth. did…这样一个倒装句型，表示“一……就……”。请注意主从句的时态搭配：主句用过去完成时态，且常倒装，而从句用一般过去时态。其他类似结构有：scarcely…when…，no sooner…than…等。
精品译文：他刚要开始发言，这时观众就打断了他。
6. D。这是一道考研真题。本题不难，考生需熟悉when的一个固定搭配用法，即when it comes to…这一结构，表示“当提到……”。
精品译文：做家庭作业当然是一个提高考试成绩的好办法，尤其是对课堂测试来说。
7. C。这是一道考研真题。这一题比前两题稍难，考点是要求考生掌握when的时态搭配关系。在when的主从句时态搭配中，有这样一种搭配关系：过去进行时与一般过去时搭配，短暂动词用一般过去时，如这里的noticed，而延续动词用过去进行时，如这里was driving。这一时态配套使用所表示的意义是：在一个延续背景动作过程中（如was driving）突然发生了一个短暂动作。
精品译文：在一个雨天，我正驾着车往北穿越佛蒙特州，这时我突然看见一个年轻男子，手里举着牌子，上面写着“波士顿”。
8. B。这是一道四级真题。这里从句的动词patted是一个短暂动作，所以不能用while，而要用when。
精品译文：当时我正在路上走，突然有人从后面拍了我的肩膀。
9. C。本题考查时间状语从句中要用一般现在时态来表示将来的动作。
10. A。考查表示“一……就……”的时间连词。
11. B。本题考查句子之间的逻辑语义关系。这里表示时间，所以用while。
1. C。本题考查句子之间的逻辑语义关系，这里是表示地点，故用where。
2. C。本题考查地点状语从句的构成，在四个选项中，只有C才是地点状语从句，故C正确。
3. B。本题考查句子之间的逻辑语义关系，这里是表示地点，故用where。
1. B。本题考查原因状语从句的连词的用法特点。
2. C。本题考查表示原因的介词。
3. C。本题考查表示原因的连词与介词的用法区别。
4. A。本题考查表示原因的连词，这里for表示补充说明原因。
5. A。本题考查原因连词的用法区别，这里since表示众所周知的原因。
6. D。本题考查原因连词的用法区别，这里是强调句型，只能用because。
1. I’m going to leave the party early so that I can get a good night’s sleep.
2. Harry brought his umbrella so that he could not get wet.
3. I turned on the TV in order that I could listen to the news.
4. The little boy pretended to be sick so that he could stay home from school.
5. Clint took some change from his pocket so that he could buy a newspaper.
6. I put the milk in the refrigerator so that it wouldn’t spoil.
7. I unplugged the phone so that I wouldn’t be interrupted while I was sleeping.
1. This tea is so good that I will have another cup.
This is such good tea that I will have another cup.
2. The car was so expensive that we couldn’t afford to buy it.
It was so expensive a car that we couldn’t afford to buy it.
It was such an expensive car that we couldn’t afford to buy it.
3. It was such a cold day that I had to wear my coat.
It was so cold a day that I had to wear my coat.
4. We are having such beautiful weather that I don’t feel like going to class.
5. She talked so fast that I couldn’t understand her.
6. The black leopard is so dark that its spots are difficult to see.
7. I’ve met so many people in the last few days that I can’t remember all of their names.
8. There was such little traffic that it took us only ten minutes to get there.
9. There were so few people at the meeting that it was cancelled.
10. I have so much trouble that I need your help.
11. The classroom has such comfortable chairs that the students find it easy to fall asleep.
12. D。这是一道考研真题。考查的是结果状语从句的倒装结构。正常语序为：The children become so involved with their computers that leaders…，另外，C选项虽然也是一个倒装结构，但时态不对，因为从句谓语是一般现在时态的have to，不可能与过去完成时态搭配。
精品译文：这些孩子们如此迷恋电脑，以至于计算机夏令营里的带队老师们常常要强迫他们停止玩电脑，以便参加体育活动和做游戏。
13. B。考查so与such的用法区别。修饰不可数名词要用such。
14. B。考查so与such的用法区别。修饰复数名词要用such。
15. A。考查so与such的用法区别。修饰形容词要用so。
16. B。考查so与such的用法区别。修饰单数可数名词时，such结构是“such a+形容词+单数名词”，而so的结构是“so+形容词+a+单数名词”。
1. A。这是一道考研真题。分析两个句子之间的逻辑关系，我们知道这里表示条件，故A正确。
精品译文：你可以早点去北京开会，只要你不介意坐夜班火车。
2. D。这是一道四级真题，前后句是条件关系。
精品译文：只要我们放手让他按照自己的方式去做，他一定能够准时完成这项工作。
3. B。本题考查条件从句的连词用法。这里supposing表示“假如……”。
4. C。本题考查条件从句的连词用法。分析两个句子之间的逻辑关系，应使用unless，表示“除非”。
1. D。本题考查的是as引导的让步从句。这里没有选择B，是因为在这样的倒装句中不能用although代替as。
精品译文：尽管他很喜欢她，但是他有时也会对她生气。
2. B。本题考查although与but不能连用这一知识点。
3. D。本题考查表示让步关系的连词与介词的用法区别。注意句中play是谓语动词，所以这里该用连词although，而不能用介词in spite of。
4. A。本题考查表示让步关系的连词与介词的用法区别。因为后面是名词短语，所以只能用介词，而不能用连词。
5. B。本题考查表示让步关系的介词的用法。这里for all表示“尽管”。
6. A。本题考查表示让步关系的倒装句。在这句型中，连词常用as，也可以用though，但不可以用although。该句正常语序是“As/Though search techniques were sophisticated, the policeman still has good command.”。
7. B。本题考查表示让步关系的倒装句型。在这句型中，连词常用as，也可以用though，但不可以用although。
8. C。本题考查as引导的倒装句表示让步关系的用法。这里much是副词，被前置。
9. A。本题考查表示让步关系的连词的用法。
10. A。本题考查表示让步关系的连词与介词的用法区别。因为是what从句，相当于一个名词短语，所以只能用介词，而不能用连词，故A正确。
11. C。本题考查表示让步关系的连词与介词的用法区别。这里因为是分词短语，相当于一个从句，所以只能用连词，而不能用介词，故C正确。
12. B，应改为：his，即把but去掉。本题考查的是although和but不能连用这一知识点。这与汉语思维习惯不同。
精品译文：尽管史密斯先生在巴黎是学习绘画艺术的，但他的文学作品要比他的绘画更为引人关注。
13. A，应改为：Though或Although。本题考查的是让步状语从句连词的用法。这里despite是介词，不能引导从句，故要改成连词。
精品译文：尽管动物脂肪和植物油都是重要的能量来源，但是医学研究表明饱和脂肪可能会导致动脉硬化。
1. A。本题考查原级比较as…as句型。
2. C。本题考查比较级the more…the more句型。
3. A。本题考查比较级more…than句型。
4. C。本题考查倍数比较句型：“倍数+as…as”结构。
5. D。本题考查“as+形容词+a(n)+可数名词单数+as”结构。
6. D。本题考查倍数比较句型：“倍数+as…as”结构。
7. A。本题考查比较对象的一致性。这里比较对象是South和North，因此A正确，does the North是一个倒装结构，相当于the North receives。
8. D。这是一道考研真题。本题考查的是倍数比较关系的表达。适用的句型结构是“倍数+名词”。此题有一定的难度，就是看比较对象的判断。比较对象是“今年报名参加马拉松比赛的人数”与“去年报名参加马拉松比赛的人数”。这里的名词是the number of registered participants，但为了避免重复，可以用that来指代。所以D正确。
精品译文：今年报名参加马拉松比赛的人数是去年的一半。
9. A。than does是一个倒装结构，句子的主语是heavily polluted outside air。
精品译文：室内或写字楼里的空气，往往比室外严重污染的空气中污染物的含量还要高。
10. A。本题考查as…as句型的倒装结构。这里的主语是复数名词短语its soils and the water of its lakes, rivers and oceans，所以谓语动词要用are。
精品译文：地球周围的大气层，就如同地球上的泥土及地球上湖泊、河流、海洋中的水一样，都是地球的组成部分。
11. A。这是一道考研真题。as good as是一个完整结构，不能省去as，原句相当于“I find records are often as good as an actual performance, if they are not better than it.”，由此可见，if not better than是一个省略句。
精品译文：你喜欢听唱片吗？我发现唱片的音响效果与现场演出效果一样好，甚至可能更好。
12. D，改为than。本题考查比较级的形式，因为前面有more，所以后边要接than来呼应。
1. A。这里that替换了as，引导一个倒装句，表示让步。
2. C。本题考查表示让步关系的连词与介词的用法区别。这里因为是形容词短语，相当于一个从句，所以只能用连词，而不能用介词，故C正确。
3. A。本题考查表示让步关系的连词与介词的用法区别。这里因为是形容词短语，相当于一个从句，所以只能用连词，而不能用介词，故A正确。
4. B。本题考查not until的倒装结构。
5. B。本题考查分句间的逻辑语义关系，这里是表示地点，故where正确。
6. B。本题考查分句间的逻辑语义关系，这里是表示地点，故where正确。
7. A。given that表示“既然”。
8. B。本题考查目的状语从句，根据句意，lest“以免”才正确。
9. D。本题考查目的状语从句，这里that相当于so that的省略形式。
10. A。本题考查so和such的用法区别以及结果状语从句。这里so many是固定搭配，不说such many*。
11. D。本题考查分句间的逻辑语义关系，这里表示目的，只有D表示目的，故正确。
12. B。本题考查目的状语从句，根据句意，lest“以免”才正确。
13. B。本题考查目的状语从句，根据句意，lest“以免”才正确。选项D中多了not。
14. C。本题考查in that表示原因。
15. C。本题考查表示让步关系的连词与介词的用法区别。这里his learning是一个名词短语，应该用介词for all。
16. B。本题考查as引导的倒装句表示让步关系。
17. A。本题考查it was not until…that…句型，表示时间。
18. C。本题考查as引导的倒装句表示让步关系的用法。
19. D。本题考查as引导的倒装句表示让步关系的用法。
20. B。本题考查分句间的逻辑语义关系，这里是表示地点，故where正确。
21. D。本题考查分句间的逻辑语义关系，以及as引导的倒装句表示让步关系。
22. D。本题考查分句间的逻辑语义关系，这里是表示条件，故D正确。
23. A。本题考查no sooner…than…引导时间状语从句的用法。
24. B。考查it was not until…that…句型，表示时间。
25. A。本题考查the more…the more句型。这里前半部是省略is的结构：The lower the level of lighting is in a room，所以其中的the level of lighting是充当句子主语。
26. C。本题考查分句间的逻辑语义关系，这里是表示让步，故C正确。
27. C。本题考查分句间的逻辑语义关系。这里是表示让步，故C正确。
28. C，改为many，即把therefore去掉。因为since与therefore不能同时出现在一个句子中。
29. C，改为so。有so…that表示结果的句型，但没有too…that…*句型。
30. A，改为so。有so…that表示结果的句型，但没有very…that…*句型。
31. C，改为as。考查not so…as原级比较句型。
32. D，改为that of。指代单数名词diameter应该用that。
Chapter 5 完成时态
1. 从So here we are at the end of the 20th century我们知道，这个对话是发生在20世纪末。换句话说，这是站在世纪之未来“回顾”整个20世纪，即具有回顾性特点，因而用了现在完成时态has been。
精品译文：
2. has been
3. has been
4. will be 因为是在年初时说的这番话，是在预测，所以要用will。这里说话的时间点对于时态的正确使用非常重要。由此可见，英语时态是一个与说话的时间点和语境密切相关的活生生的思维表达，而不是僵化的死规则。
1. has been, has called。这里has been表示延续状态；has called表示重复活动，并且具体说出重复六次。
2. have told。have told表示重复活动，并且具体说出重复五次。
精品译文：这个电脑程序如何使用我已跟你讲了五遍，可是你却一再犯同样的错误。
3. have killed。这里have killed表示重复活动，因为火灾造成的死亡人数不是一次完成的，而是多次火灾导致众多死亡的累积。
精品译文：根据统计显示，今年第一季度全国发生火灾36,832起，死亡971人，伤1,228人，造成直接经济损失3.1亿元。
4. has nearly killed。have killed表示重复活动，并且具体说出重复四次。
5. has released，has produced，has been nominated，has won。这里的四个现在完成时都是表示重复活动。
6. have already bought。从这个对话语境中next month，我们知道exhibit还没有结束，是要持续到将来某个时间。不过，“买票buy”动作已经发生了，它的影响会一直持续到现在及未来直到exhibit结束，所以用了现在完成时态。如果这个展览结束了，就要用一般过去时态，比如“I bought a ticket to see it.”。
精品译文：
7. has been delayed。这里的“飞机延误”是已经发生了并且要持续到“将来”的四点钟，同样是与将来有联系，所以要用现在完成时态。
精品译文：
8. have…had，have had。
精品译文：
9. did…have，had。
精品译文：
10. starred。
1. 这个笑话英文讲述得很含蓄，只是借助上帝之母前后不同的电话回答：“This is Virgin Mary./This is the Immaculate Mary.（我是圣母玛利亚）”与“This is Mary.（我是玛利亚）”，道出了风流倜傥的肯尼迪总统insatiable appetites for women的这一癖好，而没有露骨地提到一个“sex”。这里完成时态has President Kennedy arrived yet中的arrived是一个短暂动作，发生在过去，但对现在有很大的影响：使圣洁的上帝之母由Virgin Mary变成了Mary。所以，他的同僚们最后还没等Mary回答，就直接put down the phone，然后断定“The President is in Heaven.”。
2. 这个故事最后一句“Someone has stolen our tent!”的完成时态（has stolen our tent）表示一个短暂的过去事件，但这个过去事件对现在的影响很多，比如正是因为没了帐篷，所以华森才“看到了无数颗星星”，也才有了下文中他一番长篇大论的“推断”。
精品译文： 野营
3. 这句话表示“他的腿跌断了”，对于这里现在完成时态has broken所产生的“现在影响”，我们可以想象为“Now he is still in hospital, so he can’t go for an outing with his classmates（他现在还在住院，所以不能和同学们一起出去郊游）”。如果说“He broke his leg（他的腿摔断过）”，则单纯是叙述过去的一种经历，与现在无关，现在腿已好了。
4. happen这个动作发生在过去，短暂动作，对现在的影响是Jane在哭。
5. 因为买到了便宜货，所以很高兴。买东西是在过去，但他现在高兴。
这句话表明，对于现在完成时态所表示的过去短暂动作，有时候，具体到某一个句子，动作发生时间离现在的“远近”要看上下文。这里可以指“远的过去”，比如可以译成“你考过驾照吗？”；也可以指“近的过去”，即刚刚参加完考核之后有人这么问你，此时该句意思相当于“你驾照考试通过了吗？”。比如下列两句都可能回答这个提问：
Yes, I passed it when I was 17.
Yes, I passed it yesterday.
1. has broken, did…happen, fell
2. has spilt, wasn’t, didn’t do, was
1. A: Have you ever worked in a restaurant?
B: Yes. I’ve worked in many ones.
B: Yes. I worked in a French one last year.
2. A: Have you ever been to the Great Wall?
B: Yes. I’ve been there many times.
B: Yes. I went there last spring.
3. A: Have you read this book?
B: Yes. It was interesting.
4. A: Have you ever taken a French course?
B: Yes. I took a French course in high school.
5. A: Have you graduated from college?
B: Yes, I studied French for two years.
6. Have you ever lent money to a friend?
7. Have you ever been on television?
8. Have you ever met a famous person?
9. Have you ever broken an arm or leg?
10. Have you ever gone to court?
11. Have you ever found money on the street?
12. Have you ever been cheated?
13. Have you ever told a lie?
14. Have you ever taken a flight?
15. Have you ever been to Disneyland?
16. Have you ever studied abroad?
17. Have you ever order products over the Internet?
18. A: Have you ever worked as a security guard before?
A: How many years of experience have you had as a security guard?
A: Have you had experience monitoring alarm systems?
B: Yes. I have monitored several types of alarm systems in my previous job.
19. A: What jobs have you had?
B: Well, I once had a job on a cruise ship.
A: What did you have to do?
B: I organized activities for the passengers.
A: What did you like about it?
B: Well, working on a cruise ship was terrific. I really enjoyed…
A: Were there any bad points?
B: Oh, sure. Every job has its bad points. I didn’t like…
20. Isabel: I went to Sunrise Beach last week. Have you ever been to Sunrise Beach, Andy?
Andy: Yes, I have. It’s beautiful. Did you go there on the weekend?
Isabel: Yeah, I did. I went on Sunday. I got up at 4:00 a.m.
Andy: Wow! I’ve never woken up that early!
Isabel: Oh, it wasn’t so bad. I got to the beach early to see the sunrise. Have you ever seen sunrise, Andy?
Andy: No, I haven’t. I prefer sunsets to sunrises.
Isabel: Really? Then I went swimming around 6:00, but there were some strange dark shadows in the water. Have you ever heard of sharks at Sunrise Beach?
Andy: Yes, I have. I heard a news report about sharks last summer.
Isabel: Gee! Maybe I had a lucky escape on Sunday morning! Why don’t you come with me next time?
Andy: Are you kidding?
1. have never seen
2. ’ve never seen
3. hasn’t eaten
4. ’ve never seen
5. ’ve never seen
6. ’ve never seen
7. hasn’t been cleaned
1.-3.“He has come here.”是“动作表达”，用于现在完成时态在意思上相当于“状态表达”的一般现在时，如“He is here.”。所以，这句话意思是“他来了（人在这里）”。
“He has been here.”是“状态表达”，用于现在完成时态表示“曾经经历”，这句话意思是“他来过这里（人现在不在这里）”。
“He has been here for three hours.”是“状态表达”，接有持续时间状语表示“延续”，意思是“他来这里有三个小时了（人现在还在这里）”。
4. Have…made
5. Do…have
6. Have…made
7. Do…have
8. 通常认为此句错误。因为肯尼迪被刺杀已经是很久以前的事情了，不是刚刚发生，所以宜用一般过去时态（Kennedy was assassinated on 22 Nov. 1963.）。这句话只有在一个极为特殊的语境中才正确，即表示“曾经经历”的语境：回顾历史上有多少位美国总统曾经是被暗杀的（People are discussing American presidents and recalling how many of them have been assassinated so far.），比如把这个句子放在下面这样的语境中：
Many American presidents have been assassinated. Let’s see, Lincoln has, Kennedy has, Garfield has and Mckinley has. You know, I’ve recently read an online article that says their ill fates have to do with the curse by a cacique of some tribe. But I can’t believe it. （许多美国总统都是遭暗杀身亡的。比如有林肯、肯尼迪、加菲尔德和麦金利。你知道吗，我最近看到网上一篇文章说，他们这些人的悲惨命运与某个部落的一位酋长的诅咒有关。但对此我并不相信。）。所以，我们看到，这里用了Kennedy has （been assassinated）。
9. 错误。因为“死亡”不具有重复性，人不能死而复活，这违背了现在完成时可重复性的特点。
10. 错误。因为“衰老”不具有重复性，人不能返老还童，这违背了现在完成时可重复性的特点。
11. 这句既可以理解成最近一次动作——“我被开除了”，也可以理解成曾经的经历——“我曾经被开除过”。歧义产生是因为这个句子的谓语be fired既可以作为动作，也可以作为状态。
12. 这句既可以理解成最近一次动作——“我已经把车洗干净了”，也可以理解成曾经的经历——“我曾经洗过汽车”。歧义产生是因为这个句子的谓语have cleaned既可以作为动作，也可以作为状态。
1. ’ve come
2. has knocked
3. ’ve had
4. ’ve ever read
5. ’ve ever seen
6. ’ve ever seen
7. This is the best wine I have ever drunk.
8. It is the worst book I have ever read.
9. This is the hardest job I have ever had.
1. a. 你不当老师有多久了？
b. 你当老师有多久了？
2. a. 我病好以来，他常常给我写信。
b. 自从我生病以来，他常常给我写信。
3. 三年来我都没有休过假。
1. had just sat, heard, opened, saw
2. had just poured, rang, came, was, had drunk, thrown
3. called, had been held up
4. has…been, operated, had lost
5. arrived, had thanked
6. had lost
7. hadn’t had
8. has fallen, hadn’t stopped
精品译文：爱的约会
答案：略
1. have taught, had taught, will have taught
2. will have spent
3. had already gone
4. went
5. went
6. had gone
7. broke
8. were driving, had broken
9. had written, had never replied
10. had just come
11. had never flown
12. get, will already have arrived
13. had been
14. has written
15. have taken
16. have ever done
17. will have read
18. has phoned
19. have lost
20. lost, have found
21. have been seen
22. will have risen
23. will have gone
24. thought, was, has shrunk
25. is snowing, have ever seen, doesn’t snow
26. got, don’t know, did, have been
27. Have…arrived, ordered.
28. Have…seen, was
29. meant, doesn’t hold, will have forgotten
30. ’ll drive, has already left
31. 错误，应改为：I have been in the university for two years，或者用一般过去时态说成：I entered the university two years ago.
32. 错误，应改为：He has been here for three hours.
33. 错误，应改为：The old lady has been dead for ten years.
34. 错误，应改为：He has been away from his native place for three years.
35. 错误，应改为：I have been married for one year.
36. 错误，应改为：He has been in the army for five years.
37. 错误，应改为：I have been in Beijing for seven years.
38. Have you taken a flight before?
39. Have you skied from the top of the mountain before?
40. I’ve already had lunch.
41. Have you found a job yet?
42. I haven’t finished yet.
43. I am afraid he has gone out.
44. 这是完成时态表示延续事件。
45. 这是单一事件的否定，相当于一个延续事件。
46. 这是完成时态表示单一事件，这是远的过去单一事件，表示一个过去的经历。
47. 这是完成时态表示单一事件，这是近的过去单一事件。
48. I’ve been in America for three months now. I’ve made many good friends, but all of them are boys. I wish I could get to know some girls.
49. Have you been on a diet? You’re nothing but skin and bones.
50. China has always opposed terrorism in any form.
51. For the past few nights he has slept on the floor.
52. I don’t think I’ve ever seen you in that sweater before. My grandmother made it for me years ago.
53. I thought you were going to read this book by today. I have.
54. I’d considered going to Tokyo or Singapore, but I’ve never regretted my decision.
55. Our basketball team’s won every game so far.
56. I don’t know how to solve this math problem. Every method that I’ve tried just leads to a dead end.
57. But it has won so many awards.
58. But we’ve invited him three times and he hasn’t come once.
59. I’ve tried several times, but the line’s been busy.
Chapter 6 完成进行时态
1. Have…been running
2. have…been doing
3. has been playing
4. have…been doing
1. have been cleaning
2. have been writing
3. have been painting
4. have painted
1. have been going
2. have been going
3. have been marrying, were, married
4. have been hearing
5. has been interviewing, has been asking, has talked
6. have been running, haven’t been
7. have been calling
8. have been smoking
9. 这里说话人A和B对其中的完成进行时态have been singing的含义有各自不同的理解。A说have been singing意思是表示一个“重复活动”，即自己是从两岁开始唱歌，一直唱到现在，但并不是时刻不停地唱，而是一个习惯性、重复性的活动。但B故意将have been singing理解为一个“延续活动”，从而制造幽默，因此他说“难怪你的嗓子哑掉了（因为你从两岁开始一直唱到现在）”。
1. I jog every morning.
2. I’ve been jogging every morning for the last month.
3. They have been dating for three years now.
4. I have been coming to see him for ten years.
1. have drunk
2. has gone
3. have called
4. have been calling
5. have written
6. have been writing
7. have…been reading
8. have…read
9. have been reading, have read
10. have…been saving, have…saved
11. have been surfing
12. have surfed
13. have knocked
14. have been knocking
15. have been reading
16. have read
17. B
18. B
19. A
20. B
21. B
22. B
23. A
24. A
25. B
26. B
had been fighting, had covered, had…been put out, had been planting,
had already taken root, had been growing
1. have been sitting, had been sitting, will have been sitting
2. have been studying
3. had been studying
4. had been dreaming
5. had been watching
6. had been waiting
7. had known
8. had been waiting
9. had been running
10. have been crying
11. had been crying
12. had been sitting
13. have been sitting
14. had been expecting
15. has been talking
16. Have…had, have been meaning
17. hit, sank, remained, discovered, has seen, has been exploring
18. have been treating, haven’t had, have been taking
19. thought, liked, gives, have been thinking, have gotten, have been
20. have been studying, am planning, had, Did…get
21. discovered, had been falling, had seen, had been, had been asking
22. were speeding, was speeding, were going, was going, didn’t notice, hadn’t planned, was going
23. C
24. C
25. B
26. B
27. B
28. C
29. C
30. D
31. C
32. C
33. D
34. C
35. C
36. B
37. C
38. D
39. D
40. C
41. B
42. D
43. C
44. C
45. D
46. B
47. B
48. B
49. D
50. A
51. B
52. D
53. D
54. C
55. B
56. C
57. A
58. D
59. C
60. C
61. C
62. B
63. C
64. D
65. C
66. B
67. C
68. B
69. C
70. A
71. D
72. B
73. C
74. B
75. Jim has been calling me up in the middle of the night over the past month and telling me his troubles. I really feel upset.
76. We’ve been going together for three years.
77. The price has been going up recently. I wonder whether it will remain so.
78. You’ve been staying up late again?
79. You’ve been saying that for five years.
80. I’ve been planning this trip for more than a year and have discussed it with him many times.
81. I’ve been getting up early since I entered the college.
82. I’ve been meaning to exchange it for a larger size.
83. I have been meaning to get my eyes checked.
84. My shoulder’s been hurting for a couple of weeks till now ever since I moved that heavy desk by myself.
85. You’ve been living off campus this year, haven’t you?
86. I’ve been putting it off for days.
Chapter 7 虚拟语气
1. were, would practice; were, would school, would let, would remember;
were, would look; were, would demand; were
精品译文：
2. drove, wouldn’t be
3. could drive, would take
精品译文：光的速度有多快？大约每秒30万公里。因此，从太阳发出的光约8分钟可以到达地球。感觉这个速度很慢是吗？我们换一个角度来看：如果你以100公里的时速开车去太阳的话，你要花177年才能到达那里！
4. B。说话人用了虚拟语气“I wouldn’t be surprised if he slept there.（如果他睡在那里，我都不觉得奇怪。）”，这是表明乔治花在实验室的时间很多，而不是说明乔治可能还在实验室睡觉，所以A不对。
5. 这里虚拟语气有：telling what they would do if they had five million dollars和that’s what I would do if I were a millionaire。
6. 这里虚拟语气如黑体部分所示：
If I could save time in a bottle
the first thing that I’d like to do
would be to save every day until eternity passes away
just to spend them with you
if I could make days last forever
if words could make wishes come true
I’d save every day like a treasure and then
again I would spend them with you
1. wouldn’t have lost, hadn’t left。这里是表示对过去事实的虚拟。这段话道出了我们生活的矛盾性，很有意思。比如还有这样一些矛盾之处：We get bored with childhood, we rush to grow up, and then we long to be children again. We lose our health to make money—and then lose our money to restore our health. By thinking anxiously about the future, we forget the present, such that we live in neither the present nor the future.
精品译文：旅游这事很奇怪，你飞往一个陌生的地方，急切地放弃了家里的舒适，然后想尽办法费时费钱地又想得到家里的舒适。可是这些舒适，你原本不会失去的，要是你当初不离家出游。
2. had known, would have acted
精品译文：早知今日，何必当初。
3. would have bought, had had
4. could have chosen, would have been
5. A。这里表示对过去事实的虚拟，从句要用过去完成时态，故A正确。
精品译文：我呆在家里而不去上课还更好些，因为我在课堂上什么也没学到。
6. D。这里表示对过去事实的虚拟，从句应该用过去完成时态，故D正确。
精品译文：要是你最近一直没有和Jerry联系过的话，你一定会认为右边这张照片很奇怪。
7. C
8. C
1. D。本题考查混合虚拟语气。这里从句谓语是一个倒装结构Had Paul received，表示对过去的虚拟。主句里有时间状语now，表示对现在的虚拟，即这是一个混合时间虚拟句，故选D。
精品译文：假如保罗在上次选举中多得六票的话，他就是我们现在的主席了。
2. A。这里主句谓语是would not be，是表示对现在的虚拟。对于从句，从逻辑关系来看，应该是表示过去的虚拟，因为投资人的投资应该发生在过去。这里还考查了虚拟倒装句，故A正确。
精品译文：若不是因为当时有大众及时投资，我们公司就不会像现在这样景气了。
1. C。这里从句用了倒装结构had they even thought…，主句谓语是would have been elected，显然是表示对过去情况的虚拟。这里let alone后面接的应该是与从句谓语had thought并列的，同样表示对过去的虚拟，但为了避免重复，可以省去had，从而只保留gotten，故C正确。
精品译文：现如今很多政客都纷纷离婚，这要是在几年前是不可能的。那时，就不说真的离婚了，只要他们有离婚的想法，都一定会被赶下台。
2. B。
3. D。
4. B。这里虚拟倒装句是had they been done，表示过去虚拟，对应的主句也是表示对过去的虚拟，所以选择B。
精品译文：这其中所涉及的百万次运算，若是都用手工来做的话，那在我们还未计算完成之前，就早已失去了实用价值。
5. B。这里是对将来的虚拟，从句应该用should或were to，故B正确。这里should there be是一个倒装结构。
精品译文：万一突然有一声巨响，这些动物完全有可能会受惊吓的。
1. A。这里didn’t表示陈述过去事实，而otherwise后边则是过去虚拟，且是虚拟主句的形式，因此要用would have done而不是had done，故A正确。
精品译文：我们不知道他的电话号码，要不然我们当时就给他打电话了。
2. A。这里or前边通过用must have had这一形式，来表示对过去的推测，属于陈述过去，而or后边则用过去虚拟，故A正确。
精品译文：他一定是出事故了，要不然早就到了。
3. C。这里otherwise后面的句子表示对过去的虚拟，相应地其前半句是表示陈述过去，所以要用一般过去时态。不过，这里情态动词的过去时态couldn’t have done的形式，表示对过去的推测。这类似于上述讨论的must表示推测。
精品译文：玛丽不可能收到我的信，要不然她现在已经给我回复了。
1. B。本题含有虚拟标志词ask。
2. A。本题含有虚拟标志词important。
3. C。本题含有虚拟标志词natural。
4. B。本题含有虚拟标志词requested。
5. B。本题含有虚拟标志词suggestion。
6. D。这里因为有了形容词urgent，所以从句要用虚拟语气，即用动词should be printed的形式。
精品译文：董事会要求这些文件需要紧急打印出来。
7. C。这里因为有了名词insistence，所以从句要用虚拟语气，即用动词原形。
8. B，改为：turn off或should turn off。这里因为有了动词proposed，所以从句要用虚拟语气，即用动词原形(should) turn off。
精品译文：当爱迪生过世时，人们都提议，美国人民把自家的、街道上、工厂里的电停掉几分钟，以此来悼念这位伟人。
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. B
1. A
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. B
11. A
12. A
13. D
14. A
15. D
16. B
17. B
18. B
19. B
20. B
21. A
22. A
23. B
24. B
25. B
26. A
27. D
28. A。本题考查would rather have done的虚拟句型，本题相当于“He would rather have slept than have worked last night.”，后边的have被省去了。
29. B
30. C
31. D
32. C
33. A
34. B
35. B
36. B。这里的suggested是“表明，显示”而不是“建议”的意思，因而不用虚拟语气。
37. D
38. A。这里有otherwise，表明要用虚拟，且是虚拟的主句形式。另根据句意判断，这里是表示过去虚拟，故要用would have done形式，所以A正确。
39. A
40. A
41. C
42. B
43. A
44. C。这里that she…at the conference是一个定语从句，不是同位语从句，因而不需要用虚拟语气，而是用正常的时态。这里是表示过去，所以C正确。
45. B
46. C。这里that his followers ______ for是一个定语从句，不是同位语从句，因而不需要用虚拟语气，而是用正常的时态。这里是表示过去完成进行，所以C正确。
47. A
48. A
49. D
50. B
51. A
52. D
53. A
54. C
55. C
56. C
57. D
58. D
59. C
60. B
61. C
62. D
63. A
64. D。这里其实是情态动词表示过去推测，不是虚拟语气。读者需要对此进行区分，关于情态动词对过去的推测用法，详见8.4节。
65. C
66. D
67. C
68. A
69. A
70. D
71. B。这里其实是情态动词表示过去推测，不是虚拟语气。读者需要对此进行区分，关于情态动词对过去的推测用法，详见8.4节。
72. A。这里其实是情态动词表示过去推测，不是虚拟语气。读者需要对此进行区分，关于情态动词对过去的推测用法，详见8.4节。
73. D
74. C。这里其实是情态动词表示过去推测，不是虚拟语气。读者需要对此进行区分，关于情态动词对过去的推测用法，详见8.4节。
75. D
76. C
77. A
78. A
79. D
80. A
81. D
82. D
83. A
84. B
85. C
86. A
87. A，改为went
88. D，改为were
89. B，改为(should) be assigned
90. D，改为have
Chapter 8 情态动词
情态动词有：would，should，could，might，can’t
情态动词短语有：are supposed to，be able to，has to，be allowed to，is going to
精品译文：你能不能不要再抱怨了？我们应该竭尽全力，这样才能够在老板再次冲我们大喊大叫之前完成这项工作。如果你能集中精力干完活儿，我们今天下午或许可以早点走。要知道，如果我们干不完活儿，他是不会放我们走的。
1. 该句might表示推测含义。
2. 该句must表示“必须”，属于基本含义。
3. 该句must表示推测含义。
4. 该句may表示推测含义。
5. 该句may表示“许可”，属于基本含义。
6. 该句can表示“许可”，属于基本含义。
7. 该句will表示根据当前情况所做出的具有十分把握的推测，属于推测含义。
8. 该句will表示强烈的个人意图，有“威胁”的意思，属于基本含义。
9. 该句有歧义。第一，可以理解成“他妈妈说他可以去”，此时的may表示许可，属于基本含义。第二，可以理解成“他妈妈说他可能会去。”，此时的may表示现在或将来推测，属于推测含义。
10. 该句意思是“他妈妈说他可能去了”，这是表示过去推测，即may属于推测含义。
11. 错误。应该把to去掉。
12. 错误。情态动词后边只能接动词原形，所以要把spoke改为speak。
13. 错误。情态动词后边只能接动词原形，所以要把speaking改为speak。
14. 错误。情态动词后边只能接动词原形，所以要把speaks改为speak。
15. 错误。情态动词本身没有单复数的变化，所以要把cans改为can。
16. 错误。情态动词的否定是直接在后边加not，所以要把doesn’t can改为cannot。
17. 错误。带有情态动词的句子，在变成疑问句时，是直接把情态动词提至句首，所以要把Does he can…改为Can he…。
18. 错误。情态动词的否定是直接在后边加not，所以要把must don’t改为must not。
19. 错误。情态动词后边只能接动词原形，所以must did是错误的。另外，must没有过去时态，但这里要表示过去时间的动作，可以用had to，所以要把must did改为had to do。这时句子意思是“他们昨天必须得工作”。或者，把must did改为must have done，此时must表示推测含义，这时句子意思是“他们昨天一定做了这项工作”。
20. 错误。情态动词must本身没有过去时态，因此不能说musted。可以按照第19题改为“They had to do the work yesterday.”或者“They must have done the work yesterday.”。
1- 4 略
5. don’t have to
6. mustn’t
7. don’t have to
8. don’t have to
9. don’t have to。其实这里也可以填mustn’t，但两者意思是不同的。用don’t have to表示“一个人要想生活幸福美满，不一定非得要结婚”；用mustn’t表示“一个人要想生活幸福美满，那就千万不要结婚”。因此，具体填入哪个，这取决于每个人的婚姻价值观了。
10. mustn’t
11. don’t have to
12. don’t have to
13. mustn’t
14. mustn’t
15. 推测
16. 推测
17. 必须
18. 必须
19. 推测
20. 必须
21. 推测
22. 推测
23. might表示推测
24. can’t表示推测，是一个否定的推测，表示非常有把握，意思是“不可能”。
1. 表示“义务”（obligation）的“应该”。
2. 表示“义务”（obligation）的“应该”。
3. 表示“推测”（probability）的“应该”。
4. 表示“推测”（probability）的“应该”。
5. 表示“义务”（obligation）的“应该”。
6. 表示“义务”（obligation）的“应该”。
7. 表示“推测”（probability）的“应该”。
8. 表示“义务”（obligation）的“应该”。
1. can’t have had
2. must be
3. must have been
4. must have been
5. can’t have seen或may not have seen
6. must be或may be
7. must have been或may have been
8. must have forgotten
9. can’t have seen或may not have seen
10. must have listened
11. may have left或must have left
12. must have taken
13. can’t have seen或couldn’t have seen
14. must be
15. must have been
16. 这里could没有虚拟意义，只是表示推测，所以可以把could替换为may。
17. 这里could具有虚拟意义，所以不能把could替换为may。
18. 这里might没有虚拟意义，只是表示推测，所以可以把might替换为may。
19. 这里could具有虚拟意义，所以不能把could替换为may。
20. 这里might可以表示推测，意思是“这封信现在可能已经到了”，此时可以把might替换为may。也可以表示虚拟，意思是“这封信本来现在已经到了”（但实际上并没有到），此时则不可以替换为may。
21. 这里could具有虚拟意义，所以不能把could替换为may。这里显然是表示抱怨。
22. 这里could解释为推测比较自然，意思是“到现在你或许已经收到4封信了”，所以可以把could替换为may。
23. 这里could解释为推测比较自然，意思是“你刚才出去的时候，可能是你妈妈打电话来了”，所以可以把could替换为may。
24. 这里might可以表示推测，意思是“你或许是把伞忘在了饭馆”，此时可以把might替换为may。也可以表示虚拟，意思是“你本来可以把伞放在饭馆的”（而不必带在身上这么麻烦），此时则不可以替换为may。
25. 这里might没有虚拟意义，只是表示推测，所以可以把might替换为may。
26. 这里might具有虚拟意义，所以不能把might替换为may。
27. 这里might解释为推测比较自然，意思是“我现在想当时我可能是有点挑剔了”，所以可以把might替换为may。
28. 这里might解释为推测比较自然，意思是“他们或许还没有收到我们的信”，所以可以把might not替换为can’t（当然在语气上can’t更强烈）。
29. 这里could具有虚拟意义，所以不能把could替换为may。
30. 这里could具有虚拟意义，所以不能把could替换为may。
31. 这里might没有虚拟意义，只是表示推测，所以可以把might替换为may。
32. 这里could没有虚拟意义，只是表示推测，所以可以把could替换为may。
33. 这里could具有虚拟意义，所以不能把could替换为may。
34. 这里could没有虚拟意义，只是表示推测，所以可以把couldn’t替换为can’t。
35. 这里could具有虚拟意义，所以不能把couldn’t替换为can’t。
36. 这里could没有虚拟意义，只是表示推测，所以可以把could替换为may。
37. 这里could没有虚拟意义，只是表示推测，所以可以把could替换为may。
38. 这里might没有虚拟意义，只是表示推测，所以可以把might替换为may。
39. 这里could具有虚拟意义，所以不能把could替换为may。
40. 这里could具有虚拟意义，所以不能把couldn’t替换为can’t。
41. 这里could没有虚拟意义，只是表示推测，所以可以把could替换为may。
42. 这里might没有虚拟意义，只是表示推测，所以可以把might替换为may。
43. 这里could具有虚拟意义，所以不能把couldn’t替换为can’t。
1. 表示理论上的可能，所以用can正确。
2. 表示理论上的可能，所以用can正确。
3. 表示理论上的可能，所以用can正确。
4. 表示理论上的可能，所以用can正确。
5. 表示理论上的可能，所以用can正确。
6. 表示实际上的可能，所以用can错误，可以改成may或could等。
7. 表示实际上的可能，所以用can错误，可以改成may或could等。
8. 表示理论上的可能，所以用can正确。
9. 表示理论上的可能，所以用can正确。
10. 表示实际上的可能，所以用can错误，可以改成may或could等。
11. 表示理论上的可能，所以用can正确。
12. 表示理论上的可能，所以用can正确。
13. 表示实际上的可能，所以用can错误，可以改成may或could等。
14. 表示理论上的可能，所以用can正确。
15. 表示理论上的可能，所以用can正确。
16. 表示理论上的可能，所以用can正确。
17. 表示实际上的可能，所以用can错误，可以改成may或could等。
1. was able to
2. was able to
3. was able to
4. could或was able to
5. was able to
6. could或was able to
7. were able to
8. was able to
9. couldn’t
10. couldn’t
11. couldn’t
12. was able to
13. were able to
14. could或was able to
15. was able to
16. couldn’t
17. was able to
18. was able to
19. could或was able to
20. were able to
21. couldn’t
22. was able to
23. could或was able to
24. was able to
25. was able to
26. was able to
27. could或was able to
28. was able to, was able to, couldn’t, was able to, was able to, was able to, could
29. 精品译文：昨晚我终于能够去图书馆了。
这句话有言外之意，比如说之前因为没有学生卡，所以不能进入图书馆，而现在学校发卡了，可以刷卡进去了。
30. 精品译文：昨晚我本来是要去图书馆的。
言外之意是，因为有别的事情，事实上没有去。
1. 意图（intention）
2. 预测（prediction）
3. 意愿或预测或两者兼而有之（willingness or prediction or even both）
4. 预测（prediction）
5. 意愿（willingness）
6. 意图（intention）
7. 意愿（willingness）
8. 预测（prediction）
1. Could I ask you a question?
2. Can I use your phone?
3. Could you meet me in front of the library at three this afternoon?
4. I was wondering if I could come in.
5. Will you check the oil?
6. Can I use your dictionary for a minute?
7. Would you please keep an eye on my luggage while I get a drink of water?
1. used to, would
2. would
3. would
4. used to, would
5. 这里的would都是表示过去常常发生的活动。
6. 这里’d都是would的缩写，昆西用would来回顾自己初涉乐坛时的种种经历，即这里would是表示过去常常发生的活动。
7. 这里作者用would来回顾自己小时候庆祝阵亡战士纪念日的经历。
1. 让步（concession）
2. 推测（weak possibility）
3. 许可（permission）
4. 让步（concession）
5. 许可（permission）
6. 推测（weak possibility）
7. 许可（permission）
8. 让步（concession）
1. 内部否定，否定谓语tell。
精品译文：你能不告诉他吗？
2. 外部否定，否定情态动词will。
精品译文：保罗不愿意来, 因为他就是不想来。
3. 内部否定，否定谓语come。
精品译文：汤姆会来，但约翰可能不来了。
4. 外部否定，否定情态动词could。
精品译文：难道你就不能告诉他吗？
5. 外部否定，否定情态动词could。
精品译文：我们难道就不能走在一起吗？
6. 内部否定，否定谓语come。
精品译文：保罗不会来，因为他太忙。
7. 内部否定，否定谓语go。
精品译文：我们能不走在一起吗？
8. 外部否定，否定情态动词may。
精品译文：你现在可以走了，但他不可以走。
1. could
2. could
3. could
4. can
5. may as well
6. shall
7. may
8. shall
9. don’t have to
10. couldn’t
11. may
12. can’t have been
13. might have given
14. had to see
15. might have lost
16. could
17. could have been
18. could have helped
19. shouldn’t have gone
20. might
21. might have had
22. should know
23. A
24. A
25. B
26. A
27. B
28. B
29. B
30. B
31. can’t have broken
32. can’t have noticed
33. might have been killed
34. shouldn’t have cooked
35. needn’t have bought
36. must have been
37. shouldn’t have bought
38. can’t have lost
39. could play
40. may not have noticed
41. needn’t have worried
42. may not have locked
43. needn’t have gone
44. can’t have been, wouldn’t have known
45. should have brought, could…have known
46. might have heard
47. D
48. C
49. D
50. D
51. C
52. B
53. D
54. C
55. B
56. A
57. D
58. D
59. D
60. D
61. C
62. D
63. B
64. A
65. D
66. C
67. C
68. D