Chapter 8 情态动词
8.12 基本用法(七):请求
8.12 基本用法(七):请求
(一)
在日常交往中,我们往往会请求别人为我们做某事,此时,我们当然要表现出礼貌或委婉的态度,而不能直截了当地,甚至是粗鲁地提出“要求”。为了表示礼貌,就需要借助情态动词。首先来比较下面的两个对话,体会一下情态动词表示礼貌请求的作用:
1 A: Hey, you! Open this door!
B: It’s locked. Want us to get the key?
A: Yeah. Get it. Fast!
我们看到,这种直接而唐突的表达,显然缺乏礼貌,显得说话人很粗鲁。但是如果借助情态动词及其相关句型,就可以使我们的请求显得客气和委婉。比如这样稍微改写一下:
2 A: Excuse me, would you please open this door?
B: I’m afraid it’s locked. Shall I get a key?
A: Please, if you wouldn’t mind, as quickly as you can.
通过对比上面这两个对话,我们看到,用了情态动词的对话非常礼貌与客气,显然是每个人都乐意接受的。再如,请陌生人不要抽烟时,需要很礼貌地说:
3 A: Excuse me, sir. I realize you have the right to smoke here. But could you put out your cigarette, please? Your smoke is coming right at us.
B: Well, sorry, I am in the smoking section, and I was here before you. If you wouldn’t mind, you could go to the non-smoking section.
A: OK. Just asking.
上面的对话无论是提出请求的A,还是委婉拒绝的B,都使用了情态动词来表示自己的礼貌,显得相当有修养,易于让人接受。请再来比较一下如果没有情态动词,那会是一种什么样的语气:
4 A: Put out your cigarette! Your smoke is coming right at us!
B: I am in the smoking section, and I was here before you.
像上面这样对话,没有使用一个情态动词,A这样直截了当地提出“要求”,当然让人难以接受,所以B同样以牙还牙,断然拒绝,说不定两人最后还要剑拔弩张,打斗起来。
通过比较上述这些对话,我们看到,情态动词在表示礼貌的请求时所起到的作用有多么重要。下面的内容中将系统地总结英语里用情态动词表示请求的常用句型。
(二)
用第一人称(I/we)和第二人称(you)来提出请求。当用第一人称时,可以用四个情态动词:can/could和may/might,表示“请求对方允许我们做某事”。比如:
Can/Could I…?
May/Might I…?
请注意它们在用法上的一些区别:
第一,“May I…?”和“Could I…?”表示较正式、很礼貌地提出请求。比如在询问陌生人的姓名时:
5 May I have your name, please? 请问您怎么称呼?
再如,在售票窗口买票时,可以这样礼貌地提出请求:
6 Could I have two tickets, please? 请给我两张票好吗?
再如警察要看你的驾照,他可以这样礼貌地说:
7 Could I see your driving license? 可以给我看看您的驾照吗?
第二,“Can I…?”是非正式的请求允许,一般用于说话人与对方相当熟悉的情况下。比如和朋友之间的对话:
8 Can I use your pen? 我能用一下你的钢笔吗?
9 A: Hi, Jenny. Can I join you? 嗨,珍妮,我能坐在你这儿吗?
B: Sure, Michael. Please sit down. 当然可以,迈克尔。请坐吧。
第三,“Might I…?”显得过于正式和客气,所以一般很少用。
当用第二人称时,请注意要用的情态动词是:can/could和will/would,这是“请求对方为我们做某事”。比如:
Can/Could you…?
Will/Would you…?
同样要注意这几个词表达不同的礼貌程度,“Would you…?”和“Could you…?”都是用来表示很客气地请求对方,客气程度相同。比如上面对话中出现的两句:
10 Would you please open this door? 你能把门打开吗?
11 Could you put out your cigarette, please? 请你把烟熄了,好吗?
“Will you…?”不如“Would you…?”客气,比如较熟悉的朋友之间的对话:
12 A: I am on duty this afternoon. Will you please cover for me? I have a doctor’s appointment.
B: I am sorry I can’t. My term paper is due tomorrow.
“Can you…?”常用于非正式场合、熟人之间。比如,在吃饭时,你对母亲说:
13 Can you pass me the salt, Mom? 妈妈,把盐递给我好吗?
综上所述,在“请求”时,不同人称所使用的情态动词不尽相同。can/could可以同时用于两个人称,如“Can/Could I…?”或者“Can/Could you…?”,但may/might只能用于第一人称,不能说“May/Might you…?*”,而will/would只能用于第二人称,不能说“Will/Would I…?*”。

其实,表示“请求”的用法与情态动词的其他意义是密切相关的,具体相关性如下:
以上表格中的对应关系就解释了在表示“请求”时,为什么特定的情态动词要与特定的人称搭配使用。比如表示“请求”的will只能用于第二人称you,是因为will you句型来源于表示“意愿”的I will。在变成一般疑问句时,我们自然要把I变成you,于是便有了will you。在表示“意愿”时,英语中没有you will,因为“意愿”一定是句子的主语自己发出的(from the Subject)。既然没有用you will表示“意愿”的,那么自然就不会有will I表示“请求”的了。但you will可以表示“预测”,因为“预测”总是由说话人做出的(from the speaker),而与句子的主语无关。
在英语中表示“请求”往往都是用一般疑问句式,因为“请求”的含义有三个来源:
1. 询问听话人是否愿意,这就是“Will/Would you…?”表示“请求”(questioning someone’s“willingness”to make a request);
2. 询问听话人是否允许我做某事,这就是“May I…?”或“Could/Can I…?”表示“请求”(questioning someone’s“permission”to make a request);
3. 询问听话人是否能够帮助,这就是“Could/Can you…?”表示“请求”(questioning someone’s“offer to help”to make a request)。
(三)
表示请求时,在语气上越是不肯定,越是犹豫,就越显得礼貌。所以,由“直截了当”到“极为犹豫不决”,可以用不同的情态动词句型来表达不同程度的礼貌。以下都是表示很礼貌的“请求”句型:
Could you do…?
Could you please do…?
Could you possibly do…?(注意副词)
Would you do…?
Would you please do…?
Would you kindly do…?(注意副词)
Would you mind doing…?
Would you be good/kind enough to do…?
Would you be so kind as to do…?
Do you think I could…?
Do you think you could/would do/would mind doing…?
下面的短文中,说话人描述了自己为什么不愿意轻易请别人帮忙,比如搭便车:
14 A thousand reasons why I didn’t want to ask someone for a lift came into my mind: I don’t know my neighbors; I don’t like to impose; I feel funny asking for favors. Pride would not let me knock on a door and say,“It’s a 10-minute ride by car but a long wait for the bus, and it’s a 30-minute bus ride, so could you possibly give me a lift to school?”
后来有一次,在迫不得已的情况下,说话人只好请求别人帮助:
15 She was wearing a brown coat and had a set of keys in her hand. Obviously she had a car, and just as obviously, she was going out. In that split second, desperation overcame pride, I blurted,“Could you possibly give me a lift?”I hurriedly explained,“I never ask anybody for a lift, but…”
在两段短文中,说话人都是用了“Could you possibly…?”这样很礼貌的句型来请求陌生人让自己搭便车。当然还可以用其他的句型,比如,在大街上向一个陌生人借手机用,你可以这样礼貌地说:
16 Excuse me, but would you kindly lend me your mobile phone? 对不起,你能把手机借我用一下吗?
再比如下面这个对话:
17 A: Do you think you could give me a ride to the library tonight?
B: I’d like to, but I’m heading the other direction. I’m meeting Jean tonight.
从以上例句看到,表示请求的句型通常是一般疑问句。但也可以用wonder的各种陈述句型来表示比上述例句更加礼貌的请求:
I wonder if I could do…
I wondered if I could do…
I was wondering if I could do…
I wonder if you could/would do/would mind doing…
I wondered if you could/would do/would mind doing…
I was wondering if you could/would do/would mind doing…
比如上面那个借手机的例子。如果你告诉对方你要借他的手机,从中国往美国打一个国际长途,这时你就应该用上述这些更为礼貌的(尤其是最后一个“超级”礼貌的)句型来表达你的这一“过分请求”,以显得你“极为犹豫不决”和不好意思:
18 Excuse me, sir, I was wondering…um…if you…er…if you could possibly lend me your mobile phone, coz I really need to make a long distance call to America right now.
我们再看看在以下例句中,学生在向老师提出请求时,是如何通过犹豫不决的语气和句型来显示出自己的礼貌态度的:
19 A: Hello, I know Doctor Wilson’s out of town at a conference, but I was wondering…um…since she won’t be back till next week, if you…if you could check in your computer records and find out how I did on her midterm exam?
B: I’m sorry, Miss. But I’m not authorized to give out that kind of information.
20 A: Oh, Professor Jackson, I was wondering…but uh…well, if uh…I could have a chance yet to uh…look at my thesis proposal.
B: Well, I know you gave it to me over a week ago, but to be honest, I have been swamped with other things.
在上面这两个对话中,两个学生对老师是非常礼貌的,因为都是用了极为委婉的请求句型“I was wondering if…could…”。
下面这个对话是一部美国喜剧电影《旅行冒险记》(Planes, Trains and Automobiles)里的一个场景:感恩节来临,尼尔(Neil)要打车赶去机场坐飞机回家与家人团聚,但当时正是下班高峰时间,而且还下着大雪。可想而知,在这样的天气和这个特殊的时候,出租车是多么难打到。等了半天,好不容易有了一辆空车,于是出现上百人奋力拼抢一辆车的壮观场面。不幸的是,尼尔没有抢到这辆空车,但由于飞机快要起飞了,所以,他希望那位抢到车的陌生人能把出租车让给他坐。可以想象,在这种情景下,把一辆空车让给别人是一个多么大的恩惠,于是尼尔便“极尽礼貌之能事”地采用了“I was wondering if I could…”这样的委婉句型提出了他的请求:
21 Neil: Sir? Sir? Excuse me, I know this is your cab, but I’m desperately late for a plane and I was wondering if I could appeal to your good nature and ask you to let me have it.
Stranger: I don’t have a good nature. Excuse me.
Neil: Could I offer you $10 for it? Twenty, I’ll give you $20 for it.
Stranger: I’ll take fifty…anyone who would pay $50 for a cab would certainly pay seventy-five.
Neil: Not necessarily. All right, seventy-five. You’re a thief.
Stranger: Close. I’m an attorney.
我们再来看电影《初恋50次》(50 First Dates)中的一个场景:男主角亨利·罗斯(Henry Roth)生活在美丽的夏威夷,每天有大量去那里度假的美女相伴。不过,在他爱上露西(Lucy)之后,他就告别了花花公子般的生活。遗憾的是,露西有短时记忆丧失的病症,所以她永远都无法记住亨利与她交往过,这样使得亨利每天都得重新追求露西。下面这个对话,就是亨利又一次主动与露西搭讪(Henry Roth lives in Hawaii and enjoys the company of women who vacation there. But, he leaves the playboy life behind after he falls for Lucy, who suffers from short-term memory loss. Since she can never remember meeting him, Henry has to woo Lucy every single day and hope that she falls for him. In the following dialogue, he tries to strike up a conversation with Lucy.)。
22 Henry: I see you’re sitting here by yourself, and I was wondering if I could join you for breakfast.
Lucy: Oh, that would be nice, but I have a boyfriend. I’m sorry.
Henry: You’re making up a boyfriend just to get rid of me?
Lucy: No. I’m not.
Henry: Oh yeah, what’s his name then?
Lucy: Ringo.
Henry: Oh yeah? What’s his last name, Starr?
Lucy: No. McCartney.
妙语点睛 我们看到,这里亨利用了I was wondering if I could这样的委婉句型提出了他的请求。在美国的很多电影中,男主角在约女主角出去的时候,大多是采用这个句型,读者在以后看美剧的时候不妨多多注意。
另外需要说明的是,要想真正理解这个对话的含义,需要了解一些文化背景知识。
亨利说“Oh yeah?”的字面意思是“哦,是吗?”但在这里,他明显带有嘲讽的语气,潜台词是:行,你就瞎编故事吧,有本事你继续编。这里露西说她的男朋友叫林戈,这可不是一般的人物,林戈·斯塔尔(Ringo Starr)是六七十年代风靡全球的“甲壳虫(The Beatles)”乐队的鼓手,也是该乐队目前仍旧在世的两名成员之一。林戈是个少见的名字,所以很明显露西是在编造。于是亨利也语带讽刺地说道:“姓斯塔尔?”但露西却说她的男朋友姓麦卡特尼,这就更绝了,因为甲壳虫乐队仍旧在世的另一名成员即是保罗·麦卡特尼(Paul McCartney)。所以,这里利用把两个名人Ringo Starr和Paul McCartney的名字错位成Ringo McCartney来制造讽刺幽默的效果。而如果没有上述背景知识,恐怕就笑不起来了。
最后,我们来看看下面这个对话。在这个对话中,乔治(George)对他弟弟吉姆(Jim)得寸进尺地提出了一系列的“请求”。乔治先以“你能帮我一个忙吗?(Would you do me a big favor?)”这样一个礼貌的请求开始,然后很狡猾地找出各种理由,让他弟弟替自己完成了整个洗衣服的程序:
先让吉姆把他的衣服放进洗衣机;
然后再让吉姆往洗衣机里放入洗衣粉,并开始洗衣;
还告诉吉姆,衣服洗完后,把它们从洗衣机拿出来;
再让吉姆把衣服放进烘干机;
然后又是让吉姆等衣服烘干后,从烘干机里拿出来,并帮他叠好。
至此,他弟弟吉姆都一一答应了他的请求。但最后当乔治提出让吉姆给自己做晚饭时,吉姆终于忍无可忍了,断然拒绝了乔治的无理要求。我们现在就来看看乔治是如何使用上述各种情态动词的礼貌句型让自己的弟弟吉姆屡屡中招的:
23 George: Jim, would you do me a big favor?
Jim: What?
George: Could you just take my clothes down and drop them in the washing machine?
Jim: Sure. No problem.
George: Oh, and if you don’t mind, do you think you could just put some detergent in the machine and get it going?
Jim: Okay. I think I can do that.
George: Oh, and if I’m out when the wash cycle finished, would you please take my clothes out of the washing machine?
Jim: Okay.
George: And if it’s not too much of a bother, I wonder if you would mind putting them in the dryer?
Jim: No. I guess I can do that.
George: Also, if I’m still not back by the time my clothes are dry, I was wondering if you could take them out of the dryer and fold them. You know, my shirts will wrinkle if they aren’t folded right away.
Jim: Okay, okay.
George: One more thing—if I’m still out at about 6:00, would you mind taking the steaks out of the freezer?
Jim: George, my dear brother, I’ll agree to do your laundry, this once, but I’m not making your dinner. Sorry.
妙语点睛 我们看到,乔治在不断地提出各种请求的过程中,他所用的句型是越来越礼貌的,由开始的“Would you…?”进而说“Do you think you could…?”,直到后来的“I wonder if you would mind…?”,后来又变wonder为was wondering说“I was wondering if you could…?”,这样就更显得犹豫不决,显得非常礼貌。
对于上述所讨论的用情态动词表达请求的句型,希望读者能熟练掌握,并能在实际生活会话中,根据语境和说话的对象灵活地运用。
思维总结
这部分总结了英语中情态动词用于表示礼貌请求的句型,具体有四大类:
1. 第一人称:Can/Could I…? May/Might I…?
2. 第二人称:Can/Could you…? Will/Would you…?
3. 其他各种疑问句形式的请求句型;
4. 带有wonder的陈述句所表示的礼貌的请求句型。
思维训练 8.12 Key
请根据所给情景做出礼貌请求。
1. You want to ask your teacher a question.
2. You’re at your friend’s apartment. You want to use the phone.
3. You want your boyfriend to meet you in front of the library at three this afternoon.
4. You knock on your professor’s half-open door. He’s sitting at his desk. You want to go in.
5. You are at a gas station. You want the attendant to check the oil.
6. You want to see your deskmate’s dictionary for a minute.
7. You want a stranger in an airport to keep an eye on your luggage while you get a drink of water.